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BRIEFS 



ON 



PROPHETIC THEMES 



BY A MEMBER OF THE BOSTON BAR. 



" Return for thy servants' sake, the tribes of thine inheritance. The peo- 
ple of thy hohness have possessed it but a little while : our adversaries have 
trodden down thy sanctuary. We are thine : thou never barest rule over 
them ; they were not called by thy name."— Isaiah Ixiii. 17—19. 

" Speak ye comfortably to Jerusalem, and cry unto her, that her warfare is 
accomplished, that her iniquity is pardoned : for she hath received of the Lord's 
hand double for all her sins."— Isaiah xl. 2. 




BOSTON : 

E. P. BUTTON & COMPAN^Y. 

NEW YORK : HURB & HOUGHTON. 

1864. 



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^^♦v< 



Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1864, 

By E. P. Button & Co., 

in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Massa- 
chusetts. 



>;/ s-^ 



BOSTON : 

PRINTED BY AUG. A. KINGMAN, 

116, Washington Street. 



I inscribe these pages to my eliildren, too young as yet 
to fully apprehend their meaning, in the hope that, in after 
life, their appeal, in all moral issues, some of which are 
herein indicated, may be, ever and only, to the Word and 
providence of their heavenly Father, and to the guidance of 
his Holy Spirit. 



PREFACE 



We were led to write the following pages by a perusal of 
some of the writings of Doctors S. P. Tregelles and B. W. 
Newton, of Plymouth, England. Some of their views, though 
harmonizing with views we had previously entertained, were 
new to us. These, upon consideration, we have adopted, and 
now reproduce. Other views, as well as our method of treat- 
ment, are our own, for which these most learned and estima- 
ble Bible scholars, to whom we have been so deeply indebted, 

can, in no sense, be held responsible. 

The Author. 
Boston, November, 1864. 



CONTENTS 



Page 
Preface. • . .4 

The Prophetic Earth of Daniel and the Revelation. 
Scripture symbols of the rise, decline, and fall, of the 
four great Gentile Powers 9 

The Literal Barylon of Prophecy. Its final destruction 

co-incident with the future restoration of Israel. . . 22 

The Symbolic Babylon of Prophecy. Its composite 
character, including, not Romanism only, but all forms 
of false religion and infidelity 38 

The Antichrist of Prophecy. The restoration of the Jews 
in unbelief, and their subsequent persecution by Anti- 
christ ,58 

Israel and Jerusalem of Prophecy. God's covenants 

concerning them, and their final exaltation. . . 80 



Appendix. Extracts froiv^ Colonel Chesney's Report, etc. 105 



CHAPTER I. 



THE PROPHETIC EARTH OF DANIEL AOT) THE 

REVELATION. 

Dating from tlie palmiest hours of Babylonian great- 
ness, under Nebuchadnezzar, and the co-incident decline 
and fall of the Jewish Theocracy, it will not be denied 
that the four great empires of Babylon, Persia, Greece 
and Rome have figured more conspicuously than any 
other Gentile powers in the world's history ; nor that 
they have a distinctly recognized historic existence in the 
prophetic Scriptures ; nor, whatever allusions may therein 
be made to other powers, that such allusions are merely 
incidental, revealing no specific outline, nor any approach 
to an outline, of their history, as of the history of the four 
empires thus made the special subjects of prophetic men- 
tion. The reasons of this election are hidden in the 
counsels of the Divine Mind. The fact that such dis- 
crimination exists, that such an election is actually made, 
is alone pertinent to our present purpose. 

The dreams of Nebuchadnezzar and the visions of 
Daniel embrace the whole period of Gentile civilization, 
from the conquest, by Nebuchadnezzar, of the two tribes 
of Judah and Benjamin — the ten revolted tribes of Is- 
rael having, long before, been lost in their still mysterious 
2 



10 THE PROPHETIC EARTH. 

and impenetrable captivity — down to the closing scenes 
of the present dispensation. These dreams and visions, 
interpreted, the former by Daniel, and the latter by direct 
angelic agency, together with the visions of the apostle of 
Patmos, as recorded in the Revelation (which latter vis- 
ions unveil those closing scenes^ with respect to the specific 
instrumentalities by which they will be accomplished), 
have a marked geographical import, and relate, exclu- 
sively, to those portions of the earth which were con- 
tained within the territorial limits of these four empires, 
more especially the Roman, as embracing within its 
boundaries a larger portion of the earth's surface than 
either of its predecessors, and as being the subject of 
more minute and extended prophetic detail. 

Wherefore it is that, in a distinctive sense, we term the 
territory thus incorporated, the prophetic earth. 

This distinctive appellation will be found to be fully 
justified upon careful reference to the two great apocalyp- 
tic writers of the Old and New Testaments, the book of 
Daniel being not less the Apocalypse of the Old Testa- 
ment, than the book of the Revelation the Apocalypse of 
the New, the former forecasting the whole future of the 
four empires, the latter, in its relation to the closing scenes 
of this dispensation, confining itself chiefly to the Roman. 

Hence we style the prophetic earth, as thus indicated, 
the prophetic earth of Daniel and the Revelation, 

The second chapter of Daniel, under the symbol of an 
inanimate image, presents an outline of the secular his- 
tory of these empires, in respect to both the intrinsic and 
comparative value of governmental power, as severally 
and successively exercised by them. The seventh chapter, 
under the symbol of four fierce and devouring beasts, 



THE PROPHETIC EARTH. 11 

presents an outline of their several histories, in respect to 
the moral quality of the practical use and exercise of that 
power. Neither chapter, however, gives any account of 
their territorial or chronological boundaries. These are 
clearly determinable from profane history. The dignity 
of the inspired record stoops not thus to justify itself, or 
to confirm its never-to-be-questioned verity. 

The wondrous Image of Daniel ii. 31 — 46, glorious 
and terrible, looking, as with lordly supremacy, down the 
dim vista of the coming ages, to the very end of the 
present Gentile dispensation, comprehends, with careful 
precision, the prophetic earth as we have defined it, but 
has no direct, nor any thing more than a merely influen- 
tial, application to other regions of the earth. This dis- 
tinction it is of great importance to note. 

The prophet Daniel, in revealing and interpreting to 
Nebuchadnezzar the dream of the Image, assured him 
that his kingdom, or the empire of Babylon, was its 
head, " Thou art this head of gold." Its head was 
not of silver, or of brass, or of iron, or of gold even 
of any uncertain quality. " The Image's head was 
of fine gold." Now, therefore, as gold is the most 
precious of metals, and as fineness is the term used to 
designate its highest value, it follows that the golden 
head of the Image must be a symbol, in some special 
and distinctive sense, be that sense what it may, of 
governmental jooiver^ in, intrinsically, its most precious 
form. 

But what is the special sense thus indicated ? To an- 
swer this question, we need but to inquire, what single 
and surpassing attribute, if any, of governmental power, 
most distinguished the empire of Babylon, and contrib- 



12 THE PROPHETIC EARTH. 

uted most largely to make it preeminent over the three 
empires that succeeded it ? To this inquiry but one an- 
swer can be given, which is, that no attribute so distin- 
guished either its own exaltation, or its preeminence 
over its successors, as its absolute autocracy and roy- 
alty of power. The prophet said to Nebuchadnezzar ; 
"Thou, O king, art a king of kings, for the God of 
heaven hath given thee a kingdom, power, and strength, 
and glory ; and wheresoever the children of men dwell, 
the beasts of the field, and the fowls of heaven, hath 
he given into thine hand, and hath made thee ruler over 
them all." * So also in Jeremiah xxvii. 5, 6 : " Thus 
saith the Lord of Hosts, the God of Israel ; Thus shall ye 
say unto your masters ; I have made the earth, the man 
and the beast that are upon the ground, by my great 
power and by my outstretched arm, and have given it 
unto whom it seemed meet unto me. And now I have 
given all these lands into the hand of Nebuchadnezzar 
the king of Babylon, my servant ; and the beasts of the 
field have I given him also to serve him." 

Truly, a grant of power scarcely less absolute and un- 

* Dr. Tregelles, in commenting upon this passage, has well observed ; 
*' These words do not imply that Nebuchadnezzar actually held and ex- 
ercised this rule over every part of the inhabited earth ; but rather that, 
so far as God was concerned, all was given into his hand; so that 
he was not limited as to the power which he might obtain, in whatever 
direction he might turn himself as conqueror ; the only earthly bound to 
his empire was his own ambition." Tregelles' Daniel, p. 7. 

So also Newton ; " This gift was granted to Nebuchadnezzar in con- 
sequence of his being part of the Image, and was not dependent upon 
his power being " golden" in character. The endowment of all the suc- 
cessive empires was similar to his. Hence their assumption of names 
or expressions implying universality of dominion ; and their title to do 
this is sanctioned in Scripture. The Romans were accustomed to call 
their empire *' Orbis Terrarum," and in Scripture the corresponding ex- 
pression 7ia(Ta ij olxov/iisvi] is used. "There went out a decree from 
Caesar Augustus that the whole world {naaa j) oty.ov^isvij) should be 
taxed." Thus also Cyrus says, ''the God of Heaven hath given me all 
the kingdoms of the earth." Ezra 1. 2. 



THE PROPHETIC EARTH. 13 

limited in its terms than that conferred upon Adam before 
his fall. With how sublime a title, with what glorious 
privileges, Gentile civilization set forth upon its career ! 
How deserved its predicted doom, if recreant to so god- 
like a trust ! 

The head of gold could not have been a symbol of this 
empire, in respect to the extent of its territorial domin- 
ion, for, in this respect, it was inferior to each of the 
empires symbolised by silver, and brass, and iron, that 
succeeded it. To what, therefore, can the "fine gold" 
refer, but to governmental power in the supremest form 
in which it was ever conferred upon a Gentile king ? 

Assuming, then — with all history, sacred and profane, 
for our warrant — that the kingdom of Nebuchadnezzar, 
as thus symbolised, was sovereign power in its most 
unrestrained, its most autocratic, its most nearly theo- 
cratic, sense, the symbol further teaches that this form 
of power is, in itself, not only precious, but the most 
precious, and that it is, or can be, evil, and was evil 
in the case of Nebuchadnezzar, in its misuse or 'mal- 
administration only. If it were evil in itself, it would 
not have been conferred upon Nebuchadnezzar, as we 
have seen that it was, by the direct gift of the Almighty, 
nor could it be conferred by the Almighty, as we know 
that it will be, upon Him, of whom, in prophetic vision, it 
is said, " The sovereignty of the world has become the 
sovereignty of our God and of his Christ, and He shall 
reign for ever and ever." 

" After thee shall arise another kingdom inferior to 
thee" — " the breast and arms of silver J^ This kingdom 
is admitted, by the common consent of all expositors, to 
be the immediate successor of the Babylonian, to wit, the 



14 THE PROPHETIC EARTH. 

Medo-Persian. The arms have been supposed to repre- 
sent, the one Media, and the other Persia. This seems 
probable enough, but is not material to our purpose. 
This empire was not, like its predecessor, an absolute 
monarchy, but a limited sovereignty. It was, as appears 
both from Scripture and profane history, an aristocratic 
monarchy^ the nobles, or men of birth, being, not the sup- 
porters only, but, in an important sense, controllers of the 
crown, and in all respects, save official rank, its equals. 
The extent of their influence is shown in the decree which 
consigned Daniel to the den of lions. Not so did Nebu- 
chadnezzar rule. In his golden power, he would have 
consigned such counsellors to the den themselves, rather 
than forego the exercise of his royal will, for " whom 
he would he slew, and whom he would he kept alive." 
So, also, the Persian monarch, Ahasuerus (in the book of 
Esther) , and his princes acted together^ and the king could 
not undo what they had jointly decreed concerning Queen 
Vashti. And in Ezra vii. 14, we find authority given to 
that servant of God from the king and his seven counsellors. 
All this shows, not a king acting in right of his royal 
prerogative, but controlled by counsellors, without whose 
advice and consent he could not act. Power was beginning 
to lose its golden excellence, precisely as the metals sym- 
bolising it were beginning to lessen, not in value only, but, 
it will be noticed, in specific gravity also, thus exhibiting 
the reverse of stability as we descend the Image. Cir- 
cumstances arose, with which the depreciated power of the 
monarchs of Persia soon found itself unable to contend. 

That silver was the symbol of both the intrinsic and 
relative value of the Persian form of governmental power, 
and not of the territorial extent of its dominion, is evi- 



THE PROPHETIC EARTH. 15 

dent, because, in military prowess and extent of territorial 
acquisition, it was not inferior to the Babylonian. On 
the contrary, it subjugated, under Cyrus, regions (Asia 
Minor, for example), which the monarchs of Chaldea 
never reached, so that, in this respect, it w^as not only 
not inferior, but far superior to its predecessor. And this 
is the aspect under which the vision of the Image con- 
tinually presents itself. It is a symbolic outline of the 
history of the four great Gentile empires, in respect to 
the character of their power. 

Next succeeded the Greek or Greco-Macedonian em- 
pire of Alexander — "the belly and thighs of brass," 
The identity of this symbol with this empire is admitted 
without a question. Alexander, " the great scourge and 
destroyer of Asia," but of superlative ambition (which 
the elder Napoleon affected in vain), with his brazen- 
coated legions, before the close of his brief reign, at 
the early age of thirty-two years, had far exceeded both 
the Persian and the Chaldean monarchs, alike in the celer- 
ity of his conquests, and the territorial extent of his dor 
minions. Elsewhere in Daniel he is represented under the 
symbol of a " winged leopard." His conquests extended 
across Asia Minor, Syria and Egypt, to Affghanistan and 
the Indus ; and he paused not, if we may credit tradi- 
tion, until compelled to pause, weeping that he had no 
more worlds to conquer. And yet the character of his 
power is only worthy of being symbolised by brass, not a 
precious metal, but a mere alloy. And when, upon his 
death, his empire was divided between his four victorious 
generals, whose proud, fierce spirits had been nursed 
amidst the democracies of southern Greece, it is a fact, 
most significant of the gradual depreciation of Gentile 



16 THE PROPHETIC EARTH. 

power, that, at Rome, an ounce of silver was equivalent, 
according to Gibbon, to about seventy pounds' weight of 
brass. 

The Greco-Macedonian empire was a military oli- 
garchy^ a still inferior grade of power. 

Thus descending the Image, we reach, at last, the em- 
pire of the Caesars — " the legs of iron, the feet part of 
iron and part of clay," This empire, in its subdivisions, 
still, in the prophetic sense, exists, and will continue to 
exist, until the number of its subdivisions, Uast and West 
together, shall have reached its full complement, which it 
has never reached as yet ; and until the present Gentile 
dispensation shall terminate, upon the overthrow, by the 
" stone cut out of the mountain without hands," of 
their representative and united strength, before the walls 
of Jerusalem. This empire, in its earlier develop- 
ment under the Caesars, is represented by the symbol 
of unmixed iron. Its completed development, that of the 
ten sovereignties, European, Asiatic and African, into 
which it will eventually be subdivided, is represented un- 
der the symbol of iron mixed with " miry clay," referring, 
unquestionably, to the mixed monarchical and popular, 
or populo-monarchic, character of these ten sovereignties, 
upon this eventual subdivision of the Roman empire, 
formed to so large an extent already. 

The term " miry," as applied to clay, is not less sig- 
nificant of the relative value of the ten toes of the feet 
of the Image, considered as a symbol of governmental 
power, than is the term "fineness" of the relative value 
of the head. A mournful picture, indeed, of the gradual 
declension, both of the value and the stability of Gentile 
power, a sad reversal of the flushed and giddy hopes of 



THE PROPHETIC EARTH. 17 

our vaunted Gentile progress, and Gentile civilization ! 
But is it, for that reason, any less the revealed word of 
God? We humbly submit that it is God's Word. How 
can we any more doubt it, than we can doubt the verity of 
Nebuchadnezzar's dream, or of Daniel's revelation and 
interpretation of it? 

History, sacred and profane, thus bears witness that the 
dream, as interpreted by Daniel, has come to pass most 
strictly and literally hitherto, not less so, indeed, than 
the vision of the "great tree" in Daniel iv. which was 
fulfilled in Nebuchadnezzar's lifetime. Why then doubt 
that it will, any the less strictly and literally, continue to 
come to pass to the very end? As to the divine inspira- 
tion and authenticity of the prophet Daniel, our Saviour 
himself attests it, with an endorsement of the most incon- 
testable character. 

Under the dominion of the Caesars, we reach the most 
extended limits of the prophetic earth — of that portion 
of the earth's territory symbolised by the Image — so that 
as we proceed, we shall use the terms prophetic and Ro- 
man earth in an interchangeable sense. The Roman 
empire, or '-' orhis terrarum^^ of the Romans, not only, for 
the most part, included, but, with only here and there an 
exception, far exceeded the utmost boundaries of the 
three preceding empires. We can call the countries in- 
cluded in it all by name, whether in the language of 
ancient or modern geography. We propose to show, in 
another chapter, that the Roman earth, divided yet united, 
consisting of ten independent yet confederated kingdoms, 
will be the special and restricted sphere of the dominion 
of the last great monarch of the Gentiles, The Anti- 
christ OF Prophecy. 
3 



18 THE PROPHETIC EARTH. 

The seventh chapter of Daniel represents these four 
great world powers in respect to the moral quality of 
the practical use or exercise of their governmental power, 
under the symbol, as we have already stated, of four fierce 
and devouring beasts ; the Babylonian being represented 
by the majestic fulness and preeminence of power of the 
lion ; the Persian by the sullen fierceness and voracity 
("devouring much flesh") of the bear; the Greek by 
the swiftness, and grace, and beauty, but subtilty and 
malignity of the leopard ; the Eoman by the stern, and 
haughty, and crushing strength of a nameless, complica- 
ted, ten-horned monster, of indescribable horror, " strong 
exceedingly," who, in the "last days," under the symbol of 
a " little horn," " exalting himself above all that is called 
God or that is worshipped," and representing the consum- 
mated glory of Gentile civilization, " shall stand up against 
the Prince of princes," the Messiah of Israel, to receive 
from Him his everlasting condemnation. 

We question not ; on the contrary, we appreciate, and 
confess ourselves by no means insensible to, the fascina- 
tions, the bewildering allurements, the aesthetic refine- 
ments, the magnificent attainments of science and of art, 
the lofty material splendor, of that consummated Gentile 
glory, which will seem as fair and desirable to the eye 
and heart of unregenerate man, as the grapes of Sod- 
om or clusters of Gomorrah, but which will not, for 
that reason, in its general spirit, be any the less hostile to 
God, or bear any the less the dark impress of Sodom, or 
hasten with less accelerated speed to the same fearful 
doom. If it leans on Sodom, with Sodom it must fall. 

Witness, finally, the crisis of the Image, the tragical 
conclusion of Gentile ascendancy : 



THE PROPHETIC EARTH. 19 

'' A stone was cut out without liauds, which smote the 
image upon its feet that were of iron and clay, and brake 
them to pieces. Then was the iron, the clay, the brass, 
the silver and the gold, broken to pieces together, and be- 
came like the chaiF of the summer threshing floor ; and 
the wind carried them away, that no place was found for 
them, and the stone that smote the image became a great 

mountain, and filled the whole earth And in 

the days of these kings [the ten kings, or sovereignties, 
symbolised by the ten toes of the feet of the image (the 
two feet referring, not improbably, to the Eastern and 
Western divisions of the Roman empire), symbolised 
also, by the ten horns of the fourth beast, or Roman em- 
pire — ' and the ten horns of this kingdom are the ten 
kings that shall arise,' Dan. vii. 24] shall the God of 
heaven set up a kingdom, which shall never be destroyed : 
and the kingdom shall not be left to other people, but it 
shall break in pieces and consume all these kingdoms, 
and it shall stand forever. Forasmuch as thou sawest 
that the stone was cut out of the mountain without hands, 
and that it break in pieces the iron, the brass, the clay, 
the silver and the gold ; the great God hath made known 
to the king what shall come to pass hereafter ; and the 
dream is certain and the interpretation thereof sure." — 
Daniel ii. 34, 85, 43—45. 

Surely, if language is capable of interpreting its own 
meaning, it is an act, not of peaceful and benignant bless- 
ing^ but of vindictive and destroying judgment^ that is here 
described, not the gradual spread and diffusion of the gos- 
pel of peace, but the quick, and sudden, and wrathful, 
and utter destruction of the more than ever proud and 
stately, but the final and more than ever godless, Babel 
of Gentile power. " And whosoever shall fall upon this 



20 THE PROPHETIC EARTH. 

stone shall be broken ; but on whomsoever it shall fall, it 
will grind him to powder.'* 

The "ancient people" of God, alone of all the na- 
tions of the prophetic earth, will escape the destruction. 
" In those days shall Judah he saved ^ and Jerusalem 
shall divell safely," 

" And the kingdom and dominion, and the greatness of 
the kingdom under the whole heaven, shall be given to 
the people of the saints of the most High, whose king- 
dom is an everlasting kingdom, and all dominions shall 
serve and obey him." — Daniel vii. 27. 

This verse, as we understand it, describes the glorious 
sequel of these judicial scenes ; the expression, " saints 
of the most High," referring to the saints, Jew and Gen- 
tile, of the present dispensation in their thenceforward 
risen glory, as inhabitants of the new or heavenly Je- 
rusalem, ministering, as a "royal priesthood" to the 
blessed inhabitants of earth during its millennial career ; 
and the expression, "people of the saints of the most 
High," referring to the restored and now forgiven Jew- 
ish nation, as the leading nation of the earth during the 
millennium, dispensing, from the overflowing fulness of 
its blessings, to all other nations ; thus fulfilling the cove- 
nant of God with Abraham, and Isaac and Jacob — " and 
in thy seed shall all the nations of the earth be blessed." * 

* Dr. Tregelles, in remarking upon this passage, has said; '' This ap- 
pears to me to be a statement, informing us that a certain kingdom, not 
co-extensive with that of the Son of Man, will be given to a certain na- 
tion. Who then can this nation be ? Now, it is clear from many Scrip- 
tures that Israel will, after they are set in grace, and their blindnesss 
and consequent rejection are ended, be the head of the nations, and bear 
rule over the earth. In chapter viii. 24, we find the expression * the 
mighty and the holy people,' or, more literally, 'people of the holy 
onesV or 'people of the saints,'— this Hebrew phrase answering pretty 
accurately to the Chaldee used in the passage before us. Now as in 
chapter viii, the Jews are the nation clearly denoted, so do I consider 
that they are intended here." Tregelles' Daniel, p. 45. 



THE PROPHETIC EARTH. 21 

Have not millennial writers been too much accus- 
tomed to dissociate the restored Jewish Theocracy from 
their conceptions of the millennial kingdom? 



CHAPTER II. 



THE LITERAL BABYLON OF PROPHECY. 

ITS FINAL DESTRUCTION CO-INCIDENT WITH THE FUTURE 
RESTORATION OF ISRAEL. 

Perhaps no truth is more clearly revealed in prophetic 
Scripture than the co-incidence of the restoration of both 
families of the House of Israel, as one nation, to their 
own land, and the final destruction and desolation of the 
city and land of Babylon, as predicted by Isaiah and Jer- 
emiah. When the feet of the " outcasts of Israel" and 
of the " dispersed of Judah" shall stand again within the 
borders of the '' pleasant land," and within the " gates of 
Jerusalem," then, but not till then, will re-united Israel 
" take up this parable," and join in this acclaim, " How 
hath the oppressor ceased — the golden city ceased!" 
When the whole House of Israel, restored and undivided, 
shall perform, like any other nation, all the functions of a 
distinct, organized and recognized nationality in their own 
land, then, but not till then, will the burden of Babylon, 
which Isaiah and Jeremiah saw, be fulfilled in her 
final overthrow. When peace revisits the walls and pros- 
perity the palaces of Jerusalem, when the curse of the 
Mosaic covenant is revoked, and the blessings of the 
Abrahamic covenant are ushered in, then, but not till 
then, will Babylon lie there upon the not distant plains of 



LITERAL BABYLON. 23 

Shinar, a sudden and utter wreck, the saddest wreck of 
all, of Gentile evil greatness and Gentile evil glory. 

" Out of the North there cometh up a nation against 
her [Babylon] which shall make her land desolate, and 
none shall dwell therein ; they shall remove, they shall 
depart, both man and beast. In those days, and in 
THAT TIME, saith the Lord, the children of Israel shall 
come, they and the children of Judah together, going and 
weeping ; they shall go and seek the Lord their God. 
They shall ask the way to Zion with their faces thither- 
ward, saying, Come let us join ourselves to the Lord in a 
perpetual covenant that shall not be forgotten." 

'' Therefore thus saith the Lord of Hosts, the God of 
Israel : Behold, I will punish the king of Babylon and his 
land, as I have punished the king of Assyria, and I will 
bring Israel again to his habitation ; and he shall feed on 
Carmel and Bashan, and his soul shall be satisfied on 
Mount Ephraim and Gilead. In those days, and in 
THAT TIME, saith the Lord, the iniquity of Israel shall be 
sought for, and there shall be none ; and the sins of Ju- 
dah, and they shall not be found, for I will pardon them 
whom I reserve." — Jeremiah 1 : 1, 3, 4, 5, 18. 

The co-incidence of the two events, thus so circum- 
stantially set forth, is here affirmed by the God of Israel 
Himself, in terms as explicit and direct as language is 
capable of affi3rding. If the occurrence of two syn- 
chronous events be not described in the above Scripture, 
by what language could it be described ? If it will not 
bear the construction we have placed upon it, what con- 
struction would it bear? The words, '' in THOSe days, 
AND IN THAT TIME," occurring in both passages and Inking 
both events together, as co-incident in point of time, are 



24 LITERAL BABYLON. 

perfectly definite. They are neither figurative nor enig- 
matic. 

Now, if these events have not taken place in the past, 
they must, as truly as God liveth, take place in the future. 
This is no less true than that, take place when they will, 
they will take place together, or so nearly together as 
justly to be pronounced co-incident in the prophetic 
Scriptures. 

If, therefore, the two families of the House of Israel 
have not, as yet, been jointly restored to their own land, 
and forgiven and blest as an undivided nation therein, 
according to the conditions and circumstances predicted 
by Jeremiah, and their re-union sealed by a " perpetual 
covenant" with the Lord, then cannot the city of Babylon 
have been destroyed and the city and land of Babylon 
have been desolated, according to the predictions cited. 
It is this latter point, that more especially engages our 
attention in the present chapter. 

Their predicted restoration is clearly and unques- 
tionably /^^^^t?^e. For when, since the revolt of the ten 
tribes under Jeroboam, have the '' children of Israel, 
they and the children of Judah together," sought the 
Lord and entered into a " perpetual covenant" with him? 
Speculation was never more at a loss than at this very 
day, as to who or where the ten tribes are. Nor, on the 
other hand, was it ever less at a loss. No fact, in the 
history of God's providence, has ever been wrapped in ob- 
scurity more profound, more mysterious, more impenetra- 
ble, than the identity, and abode or abodes, of the ten out- 
cast tribes of Israel, from the beginning of their captivity 
evenuntil now. Human curiosity and speculation have 
never been more completely baffled by the inscrutable pur- 



LITERAL BABYLON. 25 

poses of the Divine will. The concealment has been, and 
still is, as profound and effectual on the one hand, as the 
manifestation predicted by Jeremiah will be patent and 
glorious on the other. There will be no mistaking the 
event when it occurs, as there could be ^none, if it had 
occurred already. 

Earnest advocates are not wanting of theories that 
traces of the lost tribes are to be discovered in Armenia, 
Nestoria, Persia, and other regions of Asia. On the 
other hand, Lord Kingsborough devoted forty years of a 
most valuable life, and no inconsiderable portion of a 
most princely fortune, to researches into Mexican antiqui- 
ties, which tend to show that the ancient Aztecs and other 
Indian tribes are their descendants. The Roman Catholic 
and other European museums opened to him all the treas- 
ures of their archives. The co-incidences adduced by 
him, of many of their religious and social rites and cus- 
toms with those of the ancient Hebrews, are most strik- 
ing and impressive. His theory, though confused, is, 
perhaps, the most plausible of all, but, after all, and like 
all, it is a theory only. God, who unfolds his own coun- 
sels at his own sovereign pleasure only, has never un- 
locked that secret to mortal ken. 

Wherefore if the " outcasts of Israel" have never yet, 
hand in hand with the " dispersed of Judah," set their 
faces Zionward, and been reestablished, forgiven and 
blest as one nation in their own land, then also cannot 
the co-incident and final destruction of Babylon, as de- 
scribed by Jeremiah, have yet occurred. 

The converse inference — namely, that the " dispersed 
of Judah" never having been restored, so also the " out- 
casts of Israel " can not have been — is equally legiti- 
4 



26 LITERAL BABYLON. 

mate, and equally conclusive of the futurity of the final 
destruction of Babylon. 

Again ; Christ assured the Jews that they should be 
" trodden under foot of the Gentiles, until the times of 
the Gentiles should be fulfilled." Now if the predictions 
of Jeremiah, which we have quoted, concerning the resto- 
ration of the Jews, have been fulfilled in the past, then also 
must the " times of the Gentiles " have been fulfilled in 
the past. But most clearly, the " times of the Gentiles" 
are still unfulfilled. The Jews must therefore still be 
trodden under foot, for they can not, at one and the same 
time, be scattered and trodden under foot, and restored, 
re-established, forgiven and blest, as a nation. Such a 
supposition would be as illogical and absurd, as it would 
be contrary to the plainest facts of history, and every 
day's observation. 

When the times of the Gentiles are fulfilled ; when that 
promise of God to Israel is redeemed, "Behold, I will 
take the children of Israel from among the Gentiles, 
whither they be gone, and will gather them on every side, 
and bring them into their own land ;" and when that other 
promise of God to Israel is also redeemed, " It shall 
come to pass in that day, that the Lord shall set his hand 
again the second time, to recover the remnant of his peo- 
ple which shall be left from Assyria, and from Egypt, and 
from Pathros, and from Gush, and from Elam, and from 
Shinar, and from Hamath, and from the isles of the sea, 
and he shall set up an ensign for the nations, and shall 
assemble the outcasts of Israel, and gather together the 
dispersed of Judah [how wholly unfulfilled in the past !] 
from the four corners of the earth ;" then it is that the 
curs^, which has hung so long and so heavily over the 



LITERAL BABYLON. 27 

devoted heads of this suffering but chosen people, will 
be lifted ; then it is that they will be " settled after their 
old estates," renationalized, forgiven and blest ; then it 
is, but not till then, that the city and land of Babylon will 
be finally desolated, and the king of Babylon destroyed ; 
then it is, but not till then, that the whole House of 
Israel will, as predicted, " rule over her oppressors," and 
take up her triumphal song, " How hath the oppressor 
ceased — the golden city ceased !" The return of re-united 
Israel and her triumphal reign over her oppressors will 
be as literal, as conspicuous to the observation of the 
whole earth, as have been her dispersion and her persecu- 
tions. We do not see, with such plain declarations of 
God before us, what principle of reasoning, or what 
method of interpretation can, with scriptural safety, reach 
an opposite conclusion. Deny the literal future of Israel, 
as predicted by Isaiah and Jeremiah, and we are com- 
pelled, in all logical fairness, to deny, not less, her literal 
present and literal past, which would be absurd. 
Observe further the following prediction of Isaiah : 
" The Lord will have mercy upon Jacob, and will yet 
choose Israel, and set them in their own land, and the 
strangers shall be joined with them, and they shall cleave 
to the house of Jacob. And the peoples [the Gentile na- 
tions] shall take them and bring them to their place ; and 
the house of Israel shall possess them in the land of the 
Lord, for servants and handmaids ; and they shall rule 
over their oppressors. And it shall come to pass, in the 
DAY [not before] that the Lord shall give thee rest from 
thy sorrow, and thy fear, and from the hard bondage 
wherein thou wast made to serve, that thou shalt take up 
this parable against the king of Babylon, and say, How 



28 LITERAL BABYLON. 

hath the oppressor ceased — the golden city ceased ! " — 
Isaiah xiv. 1 — 4. 

When have Israel been carried back to their place by 
the Gentile nations ? When have they taken them cap- 
tives whose captives they were ? When have they had 
rest from their sorrow, and their fear, and the hard bon- 
dage wherein they have been made to serve, and are 
serving still? When have they ruled over their oppres- 
sors ? But a remnant only of the two tribes of Judah 
and Benjamin were restored by Cyrus at the close of the 
Babylonian captivity, and instead of ruling over him, 
they were ruled over by him, while the whole house of 
Jacob, and a portion of the house of Judah (comprehend- 
ing always the tribe of Benjamin) remained dispersed 
among the Gentiles. And yet we are expressly assured 
that all these events are either to precede or accompany 
the final destruction of Babylon. 

A recent writer has urged that the predictions of resto- 
ration and blessing to Israel and the co-incident and final 
destruction of Babylon have been fulfilled, because they 
were uttered by Isaiah and Jeremiah antecedently to the 
restoration from Babylon under Cyrus. But was the 
nation, both branches of it, fully re-collected and finally 
forgiven then? Have they suffered nothing for unfor- 
given sins since? Have not the ''outcasts of Israel" 
remained outcast, and the " dispersed of Judah " dis- 
persed since? Have they not been a "peeled nation," 
terribly chastised of heaven, ever since? Has not that 
added, that most terrible curse of all, self-invoked while 
their hands were red with the blood of the murdered 
Messiah, '' His blood be on us and on our children," been 
fulfilled with a terribleness with which no curse was ever 



LITERAL BABYLON. 29 

fulfilled before ? Is it not fulfilling still? When, since 
the return from Babylon of a portion only of two of the 
twelve tribes, could the iniquity of Israel be sought for, 
and there was none ; and the sins of Judah, and they 
not be found ? When has there been heard such violence 
in her land, such wasting and destruction within her 
borders, as since their return from the waters of 
Babylon ? Then have not the predictions of these 
prophets concerning Israel and Babylon been accom- 
plished. Then hath not " Babylon, the glory of king- 
doms, the beauty of the Chaldees' excellency, become as 
when God overthrew Sodom and Gomorrah." * 

So also the prophet Joel, describing the mustering of 
the armies of the prophetic earth at Armageddon for the 
final siege of Jerusalem, which will be co-incident in time 
with the final destruction of Babylon by the hordes of 
central and northern Asia, as will elsewhere be shown, 
says : 

"For, behold, in those days, and in that time, when I 
shall bring again the captivity of Judah and Jerusalem, 
I will also gather all nations, and will bring them down 
into the valley of Jehoshaphat, and will plead with them 
there for my people, and for my heritage Israel, whom 
they have scattered among the nations, and parted my 
land." 

* Some learned and excellent writers, such as Cumraing, Seiss, and 
many others, may object to our view, because our Lord assured His dis- 
ciples that, at His second advent, He should come " as a thief," that is, 
with the suddenness and unexpectedness of a thief, " in the night," " as 
a snare," *' in an hour that ye think not," &c., and because, this indefi- 
nite postponing of his coming robs it of its unexpectedness. Not at all. 
The apostate nations of the prophetic earth, ard the sleeping virgins of 
His church, deceived by Antichrist's counterfeit millennium, will expect 
Him less even then, than now. The intermediate restoration of Babylon 
and the delusive glories of her system will cause His coming to be, not 
less, but all the more unexpected, all the more a snare. 



30 LITERAL BABYLON. 

This passage fixes, most definitely, the precise period 
of the final destruction of Babylon. 

If, therefore, the captivity of Israel and Jerusalem has 
not been ''brought again," as we know it has not, then, 
interpreting Isaiah, Jeremiah and Joel together, or, 
rather, allowing them to interpret one another, it is alto- 
gether safe to say that Babylon has not, as yet, been 
visited with her final doom. 

But our argument rests not here. It would be incom- 
plete, if we failed to notice the harmony of history with 
prophecy. Even if the past destruction of Babylon and the 
present condition of her ruins appeared to answer to the 
maledictions of prophecy, still it is none the less certain 
that their final fulfillment must be future, so long as the 
two families of the House of Israel remain outcast, their 
organized nationality unrestored, and their sins unfor- 
given. But they do not so answer, or so appear to answer. 

What are these maledictions, and how far, if at all, 
have they been fulfilled? 

" Her cities are a desolation, a dry land, and a wilder- 
ness, a land wherein no man dwelleth, neither doth any 
son of man pass thereby." — Jeremiah li. 43. 

''Because of the wrath of the Lord, it shall not be 
inhabited, but it shall be wholly desolate." — Jeremiah 1 : 
13. 

" For every purpose of the Lord shall be performed 
against Babylon, to make the land of Babylon a desola- 
tion without an inhabitant." — Jeremiah li. 29. 

" And they shall not take of thee a stone for a corner, 
nor a stone for foundations ; but thou shalt be desolate 
FOR KVER, saith the Lord." — Jeremiah li. 26. 

" And Babylon, the glory of kingdoms, the beauty of 



LITERAL BABYLON, 31 

the Chaldees' excellency, shall be as when God overthrew 
Sodom and Gomorrah. It shall never be inhabited, 
neither shall it be dwelt in from generation to generation ; 
neither shall the Arabian pitch tent there." — Isaiah xiii. 
19, 20. 

Bold as the statement may appear, and contravening, 
as it does, the cherished belief of so many thousand 
good and faithful Christians of all these tarrying ages, 
that these predictions have been already fulfilled, and in- 
deed, that they are to be classed among the very highest 
completed evidences of the verity of prophecy, and the in- 
fallibility of God's Word ; yet itis nevertheless true, that 
not one of these prophecies has ever yet been fulfilled. 
God's providence in history is a not less infallible teacher 
than the revelations of His Word. They can not con- 
flict or disagree. Their testimony, if carefully sought for, 
will always be found concurrent and harmonious. " Her 
cities" have never, in point of fact, been " a desolation, 
a dry land, and a wilderness, where no man dwelleth, 
neither doth any son of man pass thereby." Thousands 
upon thousands of the sons of men have passed and con- 
tinually pass thereby, have crossed and re-crossed her 
ruins, throughout their whole extent, in every possible di- 
rection. Thousands upon thousands of Arabians have, 
not only casually pitched their tents, but taken up their 
abodes there, which, in turn, have been inhabited by their 
children and their children's children, " from generation 
to generation." Within the last seventy years, many 
European travellers of high note and unquestioned au- 
thority, among whom may be named Rich, Buckingham, 
Ker Porter, Keppel, Loftus, Mignan, Chesney and Lay- 
ard, have carefully traversed and explored her ruins in all 



32 LITERAL BABYLON. 

directions, and always under Arabian escort. The ruins 
of Babylon contain, in their very midst, the Arab city of 
Hillah, having a population of ten thousand inhabitants, 
the brick and stone composing whose " corners." and 
''foundations" as also the "corners" and "foundations" of 
Seleucia, Ctesiphon, Kufa, Kerbellah, Baghdad, and other 
cities in the neighborhood, liave been taken from the ruins 
of Babylon. Not a few of the inhabitants of her ruins 
find their livelihood, as brick and stone masons, by quarry- 
ing the ruins for this very purpose. This is proved by 
the testimony of every traveller who has visited the dis- 
trict of Hillah.* There are also several Arab villages, 
inhabited partly in tents, within the limits of the ruins. 
The site of the ancient city, which is said to have been 
sixty miles in circumference, is dotted with extensive 
gardens and date groves, which latter are said to be far 
superior to those of Egypt and the finest in the world ; 
also with fruitful wheat and rice fields ; and, as long ago 
as 1812, yielded, as Rich informs us, an annual tribute to 
its Turkish masters of 300,000 piasters, f Colonel Ches- 

* See, for example, Mignan's Travels in Chaldea, p. 177 : " Some of 
the ravines [of the ruins of Babylon] are full sixty feet deep, which 
may principally be attributed to the Arabs, who were constantly at 
work to obtain the valuable bricks, which, from the vicinity of the river, 
are with little trouble and expense conveyed to Hillah, or any towns 
north or south." 

t Rich, describing Hillah and the site of the ruins of Babylon, says : 
*' The gardens on both sides of the river [Euphrates] are very extensive, 
so that the town appears embosomed in a wood of date trees. The air 
is salubrious, and the soil extremely fertile, producing great quantities 
of rice, dates, and grain of different kinds, though it is not cultivated to 
above half the degree of which it is susceptible. The grand cause of 
this fertility is the Euphrates." 

Major Skinner, who visited it in 1835, thus describes his approach to 
Hillah: ''I crossed by a bridge of boats to the west side, which was 
broad and firm, over which I measured one hundred and seventy paces, 
giving to the breadth of the Euphrates more than four hundred feet. 
The bridge was naturally a great thoroughfare, and I passed it in com- 
pany with many on horseback and on foot. The reach of the river be- 
low the bridge reflected the rays of the setting sun, which had just 



LITERAL BABYLON. 33 

ney, who surveyed the Euphratean country in the years. 
1835, 1836, and 1837, under a commission from the Brit- 
ish Government, says, " an Arabian tribe were encamped 
in the very midst of the ruins, during the whole time of 
my sojourn there." 

Again ; not the least striking feature of the predicted 
destruction of Babylon is its suddenness. 

" Babylon hath been a golden cup in the Lord's hand, 
that made all the earth drunken ; the nations have 
drunken of her wine ; therefore the nations are mad." 

" Babylon is suddenly fallen and destroyed : howl for 
her." — ^Jeremiah li. 7, 8. 

" Therefore shall her plagues come in one day, death, 
and mourning, and famine ; and she shall be utterly 
burned with fire." 

'' Alas, alas that great city, that was clothed in fine 
linen, and purple, and scarlet, and decked with gold, and 
precious stones, and pearls ! for in one hour so great 
riches is come to naught." 

'' Alas, alas that great city, wherein were made rich 
all that had ships in the sea by reason of her costliness ! 
for IN ONE HOUR is she made desolate." 

'' And a mighty angel took up a stone like a great mill- 
stone, and cast it into the sea, saying. Thus with violence 
shall that great city Babylon be thrown down, and shall 
be found no more at all." — Rev. xviii. 8, 16, 17, 19, 21. 

turned everything to gold, and the long rows of date trees really glit- 
tered in the bosom of the stream." 

Buckingham thus describes his approach to Hillah : *' On gaining the 
summit of this huge mass [amidst the ruins] we had the first sight of 
the Euphrates, flowing majestically along through verdant banks, and 
its serpentine course apparently losing itself in the palm groves of Hil- 
lah, whose mosques and minarets we could just perceive about five 
miles to the southward of us." 

Verily, descriptions of anything rather than " a land made desolate, 
so that no man shall dwell therein ! " 
4 



34 LITERAL BABYLON. 

" And it shall be, when thou hast made an end of read- 
ing this book, that thou shalt bind a stone to it, and cast 
it into the midst of the Euphrates : and thou shalt say, 
Thus [thus suddenly and violently] shall Babylon sink, 
and not rise from the evil that I will bring upon her." — 
Jer. li. 63, 64. 

But the predictions of the suddenness have not been any 
more fulfilled than those of the fulness of her destruction. 
There is nothing in history that tends, in the slightest de- 
gree, to verify either of these required conditions of her 
final destruction. That Babylon has been destroyed, no 
one will deny, but that her destruction was the result, 
not of sudden violence, but of gradual declension, is 
equally undeniable. 

" At the noise of the taking of Babylon, the earth is 
moved, and the cry is heard among the nations — Babylon 
is suddenly fallen and destroyed." Jeremiah 1 : 46. But 
the earth was never moved less by any event than by the 
taking of Babylon by Cyrus. All that is said of it in 
Scripture is, "In that night w^as Belshazzar, the king of 
the Chaldeans, slain, and Darius, the Mede, took the 
kingdom." Daniel v. 31. It was no destruction of the 
city. It was anything rather than suddenly destroyed. 
It was the simple occupation of the throne of Babylon by 
one person instead of another, a quiet transfer of power 
from one dynasty to another, without commotion or vio- 
lence, or any considerable destruction or slaughter. The 
sentries of the king were the only victims. Herodotus 
relates that (Cyrus having taken the city in the night) it 
was not till three hours after sunrise that the inhabitants 
of quarters distant from the palace knew they were living 
under a Persian satrapy. More than two hundred years 



rf^ITERAL BABYLON. 85 

after the capture of the city by Cyrus, so far from 
having been suddenly destroyed at that or any subse- 
quent period, it was, under the reign of Alexander, one 
of the chief cities of the East, the metropolis of his do- 
minion. St. Peter wrote his epistle there in the sixty- 
fifth year of the Christian era, more than six hundred 
years after the capture of the city by Cyrus. Long after 
the establishment of Christianity, the patriarch of Babylon 
was one of the great ecclesiastical rulers of the East. 
Four hundred and sixty years after Christ, Theodoret 
speaks of Babylon as being inhabited in part, by Jews. 
Five hundred years after Christ, the famous Babylonian 
Talmud was promulgated. Nine hundred and seventeen 
years after Christ, Babel is mentioned as a small village 
on the site of Babylon. The city of HillaTi, before re- 
ferred to, was enlarged and fortified eleven hundred years 
after Christ. Skinner speaks of Hillah as a city, in 
eighteen hundred and thirty-three, of twelve thousand 
inhabitants. Not long since a bishop of Babylon was 
consecrated by the Pope. 

No period in the declension of Babylon has ever been 
marked by any of the attending signs and tokens, so nu- 
merously connected in Scripture with its sudden, its utter, 
its final, overthrow. 

But what profiteth it to multiply evidence, to show 
that the predictions of Isaiah and Jeremiah, concerning 
the final destruction of Babylon, have never been fulfilled? 

Babylon has never been that great maritime and com- 
mercial city described in the eighteentk chapter of the 
Revelation. She was anything rather than a city of mer- 
chants in the days of Chaldea, Persia, Greece, or Rome. 

Wherefore, we afiirm that Babylon, before she can be 



36 LITERAL BABYLOHii. 

destroyed according to the predictions of Isaiah, Jere- 
miah and the apostle John, than the fulfilment of which 
nothing can be more certain, must first he restored. That 
she will be restored in more than her ancient splendor, 
and be the crowning glory of our Gentile civilization, we 
can in no wise doubt, when we remember the words with 
which the apostle of the Revelation records her final 
doom. It must not be forgotten that he reveals only the 
closing scenes of the present dispensation, thus establish- 
ing, beyond a question, the futurity of the final destruc- 
tion of Babylon. 

" After these things I saw another angel, coming 
down from heaven, having great authority ; and the 
earth was lightened with his glory. And he cried with a 
mighty voice, saying. Fallen, fallen is Babylon the great, 
.... because by reason of the wrath of her forni- 
cation all the nations have fallen, and the kings of the 
earth committed fornication with her, and the merchants 
of the earth waxed rich through the power of her delica- 
cies Because she saith in her heart, ' I sit a queen 

and am not a widow, and shall see no mourning.' There- 
fore IN ONE DAY shall her plagues come, death, and mourn- 
ing, and famine, and she shall be utterly burned with fire, 

because mighty is the Lord who judged her And 

the merchants of the earth weep and mourn, .... and 
every shipmaster, and every passenger, and sailors, and 
as many as trade by the sea, stood afar off, and cried 
when they saw the smoke of her burning, saying, ' what 
city is like unto 'the great city, .... alas ! alas the great 
city, wherein were made rich all that had ships in the 
sea,-by reason of her costliness ! because in one hour was 
she made desolate.' And a mighty angel took up a stone, 



LITERAL BABYLON. 37 

like a great mill-stone, and cast it into the sea, saying, 
' Thus with violence shall the great city Babylon be 
thrown down, and shall no more be found at all.' " 

The Babylon here described, for so Scripture expressly 
and repeatedly assures us, is Babylon '' in the land of 
Chaldea," not, as some have supposed, Rome in the land 
of Italy. We have been able to discover in Scripture no 
color of evidence that there are two cities described 
therein with the name of Babylon common to both. It 
appears to us a wholly fanciful and unwarranted substitu- 
tion of names. The prophets Isaiah and Jeremiah, as if 
effectually to forestall any such substitution, are most 
careful uniformly to locate the Babylon whose destruction 
they foretell, in Chaldea. As for instance : " Come down 
and sit in the dust, O virgin daughter of Babylon, sit on 
the ground : there is no throne, daughter of the Chal- 
deans^ for thou shalt no more be called tender and deli- 
cate, .... sit thou silent, and get thee into darkness, 
daughter of the Chaldeans : for thou shalt no more be 
called the lady of kingdoms." 



CHAPTER III. 



THE SYMBOLIC BABYLON OF PROPHECY. 

ITS COMPOSITE CHARACTER, INCLUDING, NOT ROMANISM ONLY, 

BUT ALL FORMS OF FALSE RELIGION 

AND INFIDELITY. 

The eighteenth chapter of the Revelation describes the 
literal Babylon, the seventeenth the symbolic Babylon, of 
prophecy. 

Two of the most notable symbols of prophetic Scrip- 
ture are presented in the seventeenth chapter, those of 
the ^^ 10 Oman ^^ and the " &eas^." The beast is the same 
as described in the seventh chapter of Daniel, and has 
been sufficiently referred to in a preceding chapter. But 
the woman, in the present prophetic connection, is a 
symbol peculiar to the prophet of the Revelation, and 
is thus described. 

" And there came one of the seven angels who had 
the seven bowls, and talked with me, saying, Come 
hither ; I will shew unto thee the judgment of the 
great harlot that sitteth upon many waters, with whom 
the kings of the earth committed fornication, and the 
inhabitants of the earth were made drunk with the wine 
of her fornication. And he carried me away into the 
wilderness in the spirit : and I saw a woman sitting 
upon a scarlet beast, full of names of blasphemy, having 



SYMBOLIC BABYLON. 39 

seven heads and ten horns. And the woman was 
clothed in purple and scarlet, and decked with gold, 
and precious stones and pearls, having a cup of gold 
in her hand full of abominations — and the filthiness of 
her fornication, and upon her forehead a name written, a 
Mystery, Babylon the Great, the Mother of the 
Harlots and the Abominations [Idolatries] of the 
Earth." — Rev. xvii. 1 — 5. Tregelles' Translation. 

Woman is the invariable Scripture symbol of a moral 
system, good or evil. The woman here described is the 
symbol of a manifestly and to the last and most oppro- 
brious degree evil system. She is seen sitting upon a 
scarlet colored beast, and is at first represented as his 
mistress, guiding and controlling him. He is her ser- 
vant, obsequious to her will, and upholds and supports 
her ; but, afterwards, when she has served his purposes 
sufficiently, when he no longer requires her aid and her 
enchantments, when he is able to assert and maintain 
supreme dominion without them, then " the ten horns 
which thou sawest [which are symbols of the ten kings 
of the prophetic earth] and the beast [^xal r6 ^r^Qiov']^ these 
shall hate the harlot^ and shall make her desolate and 
naked^ and shall eat her fleshy and hum her with fire. For 
God hath put into their hearts to fulfil his mind [^a^id to 
make one mind~\^ and to give their kingdom unto the heast^ 
until the words of God shall he completed, ''^ — Rev. xvii. 
16, 17. Tregelles' Translation. 

Wherefore it appears that the woman is to be destroyed 
when this last and sole despot of the prophetic earth 
shall, through her agency, and by means of her allure- 
ments, have brought the ten kingdoms, into which the 
Roman earth will then have been divided, into sub- 



40 SYMBOLIC BABYLON. 

jectlon to that dominion of which he will be the imperial 
head, " glorifying himself as God," " until the words of 
God shall be fulfilled." 

Who is this woman, and who the beast? The former 
inquiry we propose to answer in this chapter, the latter in 
the chapter next following. 

But, first, we will endeavor to define, with more 
strict and careful precision, the specific sphere of their 
dominion. 

Her dominion, so far as it is described in the above 
chapter, is only referred to as co-extensive with his, not 
as exceeding it. 

His dominion will be the prophetic earth of Daniel and 
the Eevelation, as defined in a former chapter. It will, 
be well, for the sake of greater definiteness, to enumerate, 
under their modern names, the countries and provinces 
included within the Roman earth, the identity of which 
with the prophetic earth has been shown. 

The Roman empire (which first assumed its full impe- 
rial standing in succession to Greece when Augustus 
Caesar conquered Cleopatra) attained its widest territorial 
development under Trajan. The following is a list of the 
countries then included within its limits.* 

t?^ WESTERN AND NORTH-WESTERN EUROPE. 

England and Scotland : not Ireland. 
^ Spain and Portugal. 
France and Savoy. 

Belgium and parts of Holland west of the Rhine. 
Luxembourg and Bavarian territory west of the Rhine. 
Rhenish Prussia west of the Rhine. 

* We adopt the enumeration of Dr. B. W. Newton. 



SYMBOLIC BABYLON. 41 

Baden, Wurtemberg, and the southern half of Bavaria. 
Switzerland. 

IN SOUTHERN AND SOUTH-EASTERN EUROPE. 

Italy. 

Greece. 

All the islands of the Mediterranean. 

Turkey in Europe south of the Danube, including Bos- 
nia, Servia and Bulgaria. 

Austrian provinces south of the Danube, including the 
southwestern wing of Hungary and that part of the Ba- 
nat which lies east of the Roman Vallum. 

Transylvania, Wallachia, Moldavia, and Bessarabia ; 
these four countries being situate north of the Danube, 
and answering to Trajan's province of Dacia. 

IN ASIA. 

The Turkish dominions, taking Assyria as the most 
easterly province, and an imaginary line skirling the north 
of Arabia to Egypt as the southern limit. This division 
includes, of course, Palestine and Asia Minor. 

IN AFRICA. 

Egypt and the whole northern coast, namely, Barca, 
Tripoli, Tunis, Algeria, Morocco and Fez ; Salle, a little 
outside of the straits of Gibraltar, being the most west- 
erly city. 

Such are the countries that fall within the "Orhis Ter- 
rarum^' of the Romans: the nuaa ij oixovLnvri of Scrip- 
ture ; such the prophetic earth of Daniel and the Revela- 
tion ; such the sphere of the dominion of the woman and 
the beast ; such the boundaries of their empire. We 
would not imply that their influence will be circumscribed 
6 



42 SYMBOLIC BABYLON. 

with that rigid and absolute precision which these limits 
would indicate, or that it will not be widely and destruc- 
tively felt beyond them ; but we speak now only of the 
predicted sphere within which, according to prophetic 
Scripture, they will bear rule. 

The reign of the woman and the beast, in their ac- 
complished supremacy of dominion, is clearly future. 

It has been supposed by some that the beast is a 
symbol of Pagan Kome, and the woman of Paganism. 
This can not be, for the prophet of the Revelation ex- 
pressly assures us that the beast '' is to ascend'' (/Lti/AsL 
civa^aivsivy^ whereas, when the prophet wrote. Pagan Rome 
had already ascended to the height of its power. 

It has also been supposed that the beast represents 
Papal Pome, and the woman the Papacy. But this 
supposition must be equally erroneous, for the same 
prophet no less expressly declares that " the ten horns and 
the beast {^^ul lo Sr^nio ) these shall hate the harlot, and 
shall make her desolate and naked, and shall eat her flesh 
and burn her Avith fire." Rev. xvii. 16. If, therefore, the 
latter supposition were true, it would involve the neces- 
sity of the Pope's destroying the Papacy, in order to exalt 
himself to supreme dominion, as Pope, which would be 
absurd. 

Again ; the reign of the woman and the beast must 
be future, for what sovereign system, symbolised by 
the woman, reigns, or has ever reigned, over ten kings 
of the prophetic earth? When has the prophetic earth, 
the territory of the Roman Empire (eastern and western 
divisions together), been divided into ten separate and 
independent kingdoms, or been ruled over by ten confed- 
erated and conspiring kings, and they been subject to a 



SYMBOLIC BABYLON. 43 

single sovereign, to whom they have concurred to "give 
their kingdoms until the words of God shall be fulfilled," 
and with whom they have concurred to hate and destroy 
that system? What single sovereign wears, or has 
ever worn, these ten prophetic diadems, or held these ten 
prophetic realms subject to his sceptre? If such a system 
and such a sovereign have existed not in the past, and 
exist not now, then must their predicted reign be future, 
what types so ever have signified, or may now signify, 
their character or their appearing. 

The Papacy furnishes no evidence of any drift in this 
direction. The confluent floods of a system so compre- 
hensive, so all-embracing, as symbolic Babylon, can never 
flow in so shallow a channel, betAveen banks so narrow, 
or be impeded by the opposing but ineffectual waves of so 
confined and exclusive an ecclesiasticism. Modern ten- 
dencies set overwhelmingly in other directions. The Pa- 
pacy can not hold her own at their side, excepting as a 
concurring force? And, surely, the channel is deep 
enough and the stream wide enough for all, for sym- 
bolic Babylon is the mother not of this harlot, or of that, 
only, — not the slightest limitation in this regard is intim- 
ated by the prophet — but of all the harlots, of all the 
evil systems. So prolific and comprehensive a maternity 
can not be predicated of any one known system, of Ro- 
manism, or of Judaism, or of Mohammedanism, or of 
the Greek Church, or of Hindooism, or of any or all forms 
of infidel protestantism, or of any or all forms of ritual- 
ism or ecclesiasticism, most of all of one so exclusive, 
so unsympathetic, so jealous and exacting, so offensive 
to its sister harlots, as Romanism. What more improb- 
able, not to say impossible, in the light of present tenden- 



44 SYMBOLIC BABYLON. 

cies, than that any one of the systems thus named or 
referred to should ever absorb and become the sover- 
eign mistress of all ? No ! the exclusiveness of each and 
every one of these systems excludes it from so extended 
sway, from that universality of dominion ascribed to 
symbolic Babylon. " And in her was found the hlood of 
prophets^ and of saints^ and o/all that have been slain 
upon the eao^thJ' — Rev. xviii. -24. 

Nor, if it v^ere probable, which, from present appear- 
ances, is not in the least so, that Romanism, or any one 
of these systems, would ever become co-extensive with 
the prophetic or Roman earth, would it be possible 
that the stain of exclusive and universal blood-guilti- 
ness should ever rest upon Romanism, or upon any one of 
these systems, which system so ever may have shed, or 
shall shed, the most blood. The blood which Paganism 
has shed can never be said to attach to Romanism. No 
more can the blood which Judaism, or Hindooism, or 
Mohammedanism, or the Greek Church, or an infidel 
protestantism, or any other evil system, has shed, or may 
shed, be said to attach to her. To no city which Roman- 
ism has ever occupied, or can occupy, as her ecclesiastical 
seat and metropolitan centre, can so solitary a preemi- 
nence, so unshared a monopoly, of blood-guiltiness, be said 
to attach ; certainly so long as slie remains true to her 
record, and so long as her present characteristics and dis- 
position remain unchanged, nor ever, indeed, unless, for- 
sooth, she should so loosen the iron fetters of her ecclesi- 
asticism, and so extend the shelter of her wings, as, not to 
tolerate only, but to absorb and concentrate within herself, 
so a^ to make wholly her own, and contract and assume 
the proper responsibility, and respective guilt, of each 



SYMBOLIC BABYLON. 45 

and all the other evil systems and forms of harlotry, from 
the lowest and most debased of Paganism, to the highest 
and most refined of an infidel and self-glorifying protestant- 
ism. She must become the fond, the loving, the accred- 
ited foster-mother alike of the Jewish and the Greek, the 
Hindoo and the Mohammedan, and all other abomina- 
tions. They, and, with them, the ten kings and the inhab- 
itants of the prophetic earth, mnst joyfully accept, and be 
made drunk by, the golden cup of the wine of the wrath 
of her fornication. She must brood with as fond and so- 
licitous a maternity over the polished Pagan worshippers 
of Mars' Hill, as over kings and priests and long trains of 
lowlier worshippers within the courts of her own tem- 
ples. She must bow as supple a knee to the Jupi- 
ter Ultor of the Pantheon, as to the paintings and 
frescoes of the Vatican. She must know no differ- 
ence in her lustful embrace, between the juggling priests 
of the East, the licentious fetich worshippers of the South, 
and the learned and polite, but conceited and scornful, 
defamers and defiers of the divinity of Jesus, " speaking 
great and blasphemous things against the Most High " 
from the chairs of the protestant academies of the West. 
She must accept, nothing loth, the transfer to her own 
skirts of all the stains of blood-guiltiness to be found upon 
the skirts of all her sister harlots, for in her, if she be 
symbolic Babylon, must be found the " blood of prophets, 
and of saints, and of all that have been slain upon the 
earth." Ah no ! Romanism has in reserve for her no fu- 
ture such as this. No tokens, not the remotest, of such a 
destiny are to be discerned. The '' Mores Catholici,'' the 
" Ages of Faith," are past. 

Who, then, is this woman of the Revelation, this 



46 SYMBOLIC BABYLON. 

mother of [a??] the harlots, and [aZ/] the abominations 
of the earth" ? 

We have located the sphere of her dominion, and de- 
fined its boundaries. We have rendered certain the futu- 
rity of her reign. We have seen who she is not and can 
not be. But does not Scripture reveal to us who she is, 
any sign by which we may identify her presence or dis- 
cern her approach? Most assuredly. The woman hath 
her types and her precursors not fewer nor less notable 
than the beast. More than this, her exact lineaments 
can be quite as precisely and unmistakably traced and 
defined. 

In the first place, she is to be inseparably associated, if 
not absolutely identified, with a world-wide commercial 
system, of proportions more grand, more deftly harmon- 
ized, more glorious (according to the standards of earthly 
glory), than the world has ever seen. 

The prophet Zechariah had a vision of her, considered 
in this aspect. " Then the angel that talked with me 
went forth, and said unto me, Lift up now thine eyes and 
see what is this that goeth forth. And I said, AYhat is it? 
And he said, This is an ephah that goeth forth. He said 
moreover. This is their resemblance [aspect or appear- 
ance,] through all the earth. And, behold, then there 
was lifted up a talent [weighty piece] of lead ; and this 
is the woman that sitteth in the midst of the ephah. And 
he said. This is Avickedness. And he cast it into the midst 
of the ephah ; and he cast the weight of lead upon the 
mouth thereof. Then I lifted up mine eyes and looked, 
and, behold, there came out two women, and the wind 
was~in their wings ; for they had wings like the wings of 
a stork : and they lifted up the ephah between the earth 



SYMBOLIC BABYLON. 47 

and the heaven. Then said I to the angel that talked with 
me, Whither do they bear the ephah? And he said unto 
me, To build it an house in the land of Shinar ; and it 
shall be established and set there upon her own base." 

The ephah was a Hebrew naeasure of all kinds of solids 
and liquids, equivalent to about seven and a half gallons 
of our measure. It was the Hebrew emblem of com- 
merce, the symbol of merchants. The ephah of this vis- 
ion, when first seen by the prophet, was in motion, '' go- 
ing forth." Afterwards, though at first invisible (being 
concealed therein by a weighty cover of lead) the cover 
being removed, a woman (the remembered symbol of a 
moral system) is disclosed to the view of the prophet, 
sitting in the midst of the ephah. After which the angel 
casts into the ephah another woman, who is named by the 
angel " wickedness." He then casts upon the ephah its 
cover of lead, concealing both from the prophet's sight. 
Finally (and we are now introduced to the sequel of the 
vision, to the closing events symbolized by it) the two 
women are seen to break forth from their confinement, 
to exalt their haughty symbol between the earth and the 
heaven, and to bear it, with swift wings and strong. 
Where? ''To the land of Shinar." Wherefore? ''To 
build it an house there, to establish it, and set her upon 
her own base there." 

We have, therefore, in this vision, first, the symbol, 
not of a commercial system only, but of a vast commercial 
system, for " this is their resemblance through all the 
earth." We are next introduced to the moral systems 
which, under the symbol of the two women, are seen to 
inhabit that system ; which assume the sovereign control 
of it ; which actuate and inspire it ; which direct and de- 



48 SYMBOLIC BABYLON. 

termine its movements ; which build for it an house, a lit- 
eral city, and establish for it a dwelling place. That city 
is declared to be on the plains of Shinar, on the banks 
of the Euphrates, in the land of Babylon. 

Now Zechariah is preeminently a latter day prophet. 
He details, to a more remarkable and circumstantial ex- 
tent than, perhaps, any other Old Testament prophet, 
those scenes which are to be immediately associated with 
the conversion and the dawning of the millennial glory 
of the House of Israel. The vision of the ephah must, 
therefore, have specific connection with those scenes, with 
that period of the world's history in which they will occur. 
It teaches us that not the sceptre, or the sword, or the 
mitre, but the ephah is the appointed symbol of that pe- 
riod ; that at least one of its chief characteristics will be 
a colossal, world-wide and most imposing commercial sys- 
tem ; that that system will have been controlled, and will 
doubtless be controlled unto the very end, by two women, 
two moral systems, and that the name of one of them will 
be " Wickedness." 

Turn now to the apostle Paul. In discoursing to the 
Thessalonians of the second coming of our Saviour, he 
says (we translate literally from the Greek) : 

" That day [the day of the Lord] will not commence 
except there first come the apostasy ; and the man of sin 

be revealed, the son of perdition [the ' beast ' ?] 

Ye know that at at present there is that which restraineth 
[the talent of lead that covered the ephah ?] in order that 
he might be revealed in his appointed season. For the 
mystery [and ' upon her forehead a name was written. 
Mystery,'] of ivickedness (^aroula'g^ lawlessness) [of her 
who was cast by the angel into the ephah ?] is already 



SYMBOLIC BABYLON. 49 

working [so prevalent when the apostle wrote, among the 
Sadducees, the Herodians, the Athenians and others], 
only there is at present one that restraineth [the angel 
who cast the talent of lead upon the mouth of the 
ephah?], until it become developed out of the midst [out 
of the midst of what ? the ephah ?] and then shall the 
wicked one [6 avouog^ the lawless one, the masculine of 
avoLiLu, ''wickedness ^'] be revealed, whom the Lord shall 
consume by the breath of his mouth, and destroy by the 
brightness of his coming." — 2 Thess. ii. 3 — 9. 

What is this but an immaterially differing account of 
one and the same order of events predicted by Zechariah ? 
Wha; but a reciprocal interpretation, the one prophet by 
the other? 

Turn again to the great New Testament prophet of the 
closing scenes of the present dispensation. He describes 
the harlot. He calls her by name. He locates her on 
the plains of Shinar, on the banks of the Euphrates, in 
the land of Babylon, seated in her own house, established 
on her own base. He makes her house the great mer- 
chant city of the earth, " whose merchants are princes," 
the metropolis of a world's commerce, reigned over by 
her as its sovereign mistress, entertaining, in her satanic 
hospitality, and making drunk with the wine of the wrath 
of her fornication, the kings and inhabitants of the apos- 
tate Roman earth. 

" All that have ships in the sea will be made rich by 
reason of her costliness .... and every ship-master, 
and every passenger, and sailors, and as many as trade 
by the sea [will be there] .... and merchandise, the 
merchandise of gold, and of silver, and precious stones, 
and of pearls, and of fine linen, and of purple and of 
7 



50 SYMBOLIC BABYLON. 

scarlet and all thyine wood, and every vessel of ivory, 
and every vessel of most precious wood, and of brass, and 
of iron and of marble, and of cinnamon, and spice, and 
odors, and ointment, and frankincense and wine, and oil, 
and fine flour and wheat, and cattle and sheep, and of 
horses, and of chariots, and of the bodies and souls of 
men." — Rev. xviii. 

Such will be the house of the ephah in the land of 
Shinar. 

Dr. Chalmers, commenting upon this passage from the 
Revelation, says : '' Revelation xviii. AYhat can be the 
city here spoken of? It is much liker Loudon than Rome 
— a commercial than a mere ecclesiastical capital. The 
lamentation of the kings for Babylon point more to the 
ecclesiastical capital of their monarchies, whereas the 
description of her wealth and merchandise point greatly 
more to our own London. The lamentation of the sailors 
points more to a place of great shipping interest than to 
Rome or any place in Italy, and strengthens the argu- 
ment for its being the capital of our own land. We can 
not observe that shipmasters are much engaged by the 
traffic of Rome ; and their lamentation seems far more 
applicable to London, lapsed, it may be, when the period 
of this fulfilment comes round, into Antichi*istianism. The 
merchants of our own land are far more the great men 
of the earth than those of any other nation." — Sabbath 
Scripture Readings, vol. iv., p. 423. 

Now it will not be denied, in view of this and abundant 
other evidence to the same effect, in view, indeed, of the 
knowledge and observation of all, that England is, at 
present, the chief representative centre of the commerce 
of the world ; or that London is an understood synonym 



SYMBOLIC BABYLON. ' 51 

for, SO to speak, the capital of a vast, world-wide, and 
more and more increasingly venal, commercial system. 
Not, by any means, would we imply, however, that Lon- 
don is, or is destined to be, the literal Babylon of the Rev- 
elation, in however impressive a sense she may typify her. 
In view of the express declarations of prophecy (to which 
we have already adverted) which locate, Avith such abun- 
dance, precision and certainty of evidence, the literal 
Babylon of prophecy " in the land of Chaldea," we can 
not look upon the supposition of Dr. Chalmers that Lon- 
don may be the prophetic Babylon, as any less fanciful 
and gratuitous, any less unwarranted by Scripture, than 
the supposition of others (to which he refers) that Rome 
is that Babylon. The commercial system of England 
maybe the typical ephah. The presiding genius by which 
that system is, to so large an extent, animated and con- 
trolled, may be the woman first seen sitting in the ephah, 
not evil in herself at first (commerce is not evil in itself) 
so far as is revealed or can be inferred, but only as after- 
wards corrupted by her companion, '' wickedness." The 
ephah may " go forth" from England, may be borne by 
the swift wings of her commerce to the "land of Shinar ;" 
but its "house" will not be builded in England, any 
more than in Italy. Its final "base," its last great 
centre, is no more likely to be established on the banks 
of the Thames than upon that fanciful cluster of seven 
hills upon the banks of the yellow Tiber, which men call 
Rome.* 

* Says one of the most learned and profound, but not less accurate 
and cautious classical scholars of England ; "The seven hilh which orig- 
inally gave the well-known designation to Rome, were Palatium, Velia, 
Cermalus, Cselius, Fagutal, Oppius, Cispius. [So Niebuhr.] The three 
first of these belonged to the Palatine^ the two next to the Coelian^ and 
the other two to the Esquiline ; being thus, in fact, so many ascents, and 



52 SYMBOLIC BABYLON. 

We can not doubt that the present commercial system of 
England presents a more remarkable type of what will be 
the commercial system of Babylon at the period designated 
in the eighteen til of the Revelation, than is, or has ever been, 
presented by any other nation. Many things look strongly 
in this direction. England and the commercial system of 
England are interchangeable terms. The English . gov- 
ernment is the mere creature of her commercial system, 
and but reflects its spirit and enacts its will. It is the 
power behind her throne. She, the pretending, or, if you 
please, the actual, mother of Protestantism, has not only 
established upon munificent foundations Roman Catholic 
universities (as witness her Maynooth grant) and educated 
Roman Catholic priests, but, for the sake of her com- 
merce, has legalized the support of eastern idolatries, and 
ministered in their temples ; paid tribute to the obscene 
rites of Juggernaut ; acknowledged Mohammedanism ; 
presided over the priesthood of Buddha ; and forced open 
the ports of the most populous nation of the earth to her 
baleful opium trade, surrounding, to this end, with all- 
powerful safeguards, the most gigantic commercial mo- 

not distinct hills. The name of Septicollis [seven-hilled] having been 
applied to Rome in its early form, was retained long after it ceased to 
be applicable in its original connection. After Rome had extended, it 
was supposed by some to relate to seven distinct hills ; and thus the 
rmniher was made to correspond by counting the Palatine, Capitoline, 
Quirinal, Esquiline, Cselian, Aventine, and the trans-Tiberine Janicu- 
lum. n this arrangement the Viminal (which lies between the Quiri- 
nal and the Esquiline) was omitted, in order not to exceed the number; 
in another arrangement, Janiculum , as being on the right side of the 
Tiber, was excluded, and the Yiminal reckoned : the seven hills were 
thus arbitrarily restricted to the left bank of the river, although the hill 
on the other side is the highest of the whole. In the days of Augustus 
and his successors, a large part of Rome had extended far beyond the 
hills and the intervening hollows, into the flat plain of the Campus 
Martius, which is the site of the greater part of the modern city of the 
popes." Tregelles' Daniel, pp. 51, 52. The " seven mountains upon 
which the w^oman sitteth " (Rev. xvii. 9.) and the " seven heads " of the 
scarlet beast (Rev. xvii. 3.) can not, therefore, be said, as so many have 
loosely fancied, to be the seven hills of Rome. 



SYMBOLIC BABYLON. 53 

nopoly the world has ever seen. Indeed, as if actually to 
verify the vision of the ephah, and to '' build an house" for 
it, she has sent out, under a three years' commission, 
Colonel Chesney, accompanied by a most competent and 
intelligent staff, gentlemen of high commercial and scien- 
tific attainments, to explore, survey, and report upon, the 
commercial capabilities of the Euphratean country, the 
land of Shinar itself, and they have reported most 
favorably.* In running over the record of England in 
this regard, and counting up a few only of the anti- 
christian enormities of her infidel latitudinarianism, how 
can we fail to behold in her, at least the beginning of the 
fulfilment of the vision of the ephah ; not a type, merely, 
but, as it were, the veritable features of the symbolic Bab- 
ylon of prophecy, " the mother of [all] the harlots, and 
[all] the abominations of the earth"? 

Wherefore, in conclusion, we believe that the symbolic 
Babylon of prophecy, the harlot of the Revelation, will, 
in a distinctive and systematic sense, be the moral animus^ 
the animating and presiding genius, of a vast, confede- 
rated system of governmental policy and power, co- 
extensive with the limits, and having, as the basis of its 
support, the commercial wealth and energy, of the pro- 
phetic earth of Daniel and the Eevelation ; that it will be 
the sovereign and acknowedged mistress of that system, 
and, as such, be glorified, and be a shining, but deceitful 
and fatal counterfeit of Christ's millennium ; that her 
"costliness" and delicacy of life, administered unto by 
all that the concentrated governmental power and concen- 
trated commercial wealth of the apostate prophetic earth 
can confer, and her earthly glory, in all its myriad forms 

* See Appendix : Extracts from CoL Chesney's Report. 



54 SYMBOLIC BABYLON. 

and appliances, the loftiness of her self-conceit and the 
meretricious grandeur of her style, will be beyond all 
former compare ; that she will be the last, the proudest, 
the most magnificent triumph of Gentile civilization, pre- 
luding in her pleasant palaces, to the measure of her 
flutes and soft recorders, the quickly-speeding dominion of 
the beast, her own fiery judgment, and the final destruc- 
tion of her queenly capital ; that her local and metropoli- 
tan centre will be "in the land of Shinar," on the banks 
of the Euphrates, in the city and land of Babylon ; that 
Antichrist — the '' monster" of Daniel, and the "beast" 
of the Revelation — first wooing and supporting her as 
his mistress, and ascending into sole and supreme domin- 
ion by the aid, in part, of her fascinations, her enchant- 
ments and her sorceries, will, in the end, invoking the 
willing concurrence of the ten confederate kings of the 
prophetic earth, turn upon and destroy her, and himself 
thenceforward attract the wonder, and command the hom- 
age, and exact the worship of the rulers and the inhabit- 
ants of the prophetic earth (" and all that dwell upon the 
earth shall worship him." — Kev. xiii. 8.), "glorifying 
himself as God until the words of God shall be fulfilled ;" 
until the Lamb of God, the Prince of Peace, the Messiah 
of Israel, shall come again, the second time, not as a des- 
pised carpenter's son, born in a manger, but as the " stone 
cut out of the mountain without hands," the King of 
kings and Lord of lords, whom the heaven of heavens can 
not contain, to judge and to execute vengeance upon the 
apostate earth ; to render his anger with fury and his re- 
buke with flames of fire ; to gather his living saints, and 
the departed saints of all the lingering ages, in their risen 
glory unto himself, to their eternal rest in the heav- 



SYMBOLIC BABYLON. 55 

enlv Jerusalem ; to re-establish, under a more glori- 
ous theocracy than of old, restored and now forgiven 
Israel in their earthly Jerusalem ; and to send forth this 
ransomed and chosen people upon the sublimest, as it will 
be the most successful, of earthly missions (of which all 
present Christian missions are, or can be, but the faint- 
est types,) namely, the redemption, through his blood, not 
as now, of a " little flocJv' — here a Jew and a Gentile 
there — but of all the spared inhabitants of the earth. 

" Come, Lord, and tarry not ; 

Bring the long-looked-for day : 
Oh ! why these years of waiting here, 
These ages of delay ! 

" Come in thy glorious might, 
Come with the iron rod, 
Scattering thy foes before thy face, 
Thou mighty Son of God. 

" Come, and begin thy reign 
Of everlasting peace : 
Come, take the kingdom to thyself, 
Great King of righteousness." 

Before dismissing the Babylon, both literal and sym- 
bolic, of prophecy, we invite the attention of our readers 
to a comparison of texts, taken from Isaiah and Jere- 
miah, on the one hand, and from the Revelation on the 
other, showing, if it were possible, still more definitely 
and conclusively, that the Babylon, both literal and sym- 
bolic, severally described by them, is identical. 

Jer. li. 13. '' thou that dwell- Rev. xvii. 1. "Come hither, I 

est upon many waters, thine end is will show thee the judgment of the 

come, and the measure of thy cov- great whore, that sitteth upon many 

etousness." waters." 

Jer. li. 7. *' Babylon hath been a Rev. xvii. 4. "Having a golden 

golden cup in the Lord's hand, that cup in her hand full of abomina- 

made all the earth drunken." tions." 

Jer. i. 7. " The nations have Rev. xvii. 2. " The inhabitants 

drunken of her wine ; therefore the of th-e earth have been made drunk 

nations are mad." by the wine of the wrath of her for- 
nication." 



56 



SYMBOLIC BABYLON. 



It is impossible to properly understand the Babylon, 
either literal or symbolic, of prophecy, without always 
noting the difference between them. They are almost 
alway confounded. The passages just cited refer ob- 
viously to symbolic Babylon, and ascribe to her a univer- 
sality of influence which certainly exceeds any that she 
has ever exercised or possessed in the past, or possesses 



now. 

Isaiah xlvii. 5. " daughter of 
the Chaldeans .... the lady of 
kingdoms." 

Isaiah xiii. 9. *' Babylon the 
glory of kingdoms." 

Isaiah xlvii. 7. " Thou saidst, I 
shall be a lady for ever . . . There- 
fore hear now this, thou that art 
given to pleasures, that dwellest 
carelessly, that sayest in thine 
heart, I am, and none else beside 
me ; I shall not sit as a widow, 
neither shall I know the loss of 
children ; but these two things shall 
come to thee in a momenty in one 
daijy the loss of children, and wid- 
owhood." 

Jer. xli. 25. *' I will make thee 
a burnt mountain." 
; Jer. xli. 45. *' My people, go ye 
out of the midst of her, and deliver 
ye every man his soul from the 
fierce anger of the Lord." 

Jer. 1. 8. " Remove out of the 
midst of Babylon." 

Jer. 1. 6. " Flee out of the midst 
of Babylon." 

Jer. ii. 9. **For her judgment 
reacheth unto heaven." 

Jer. 1. 15. ^' Take vengeance 
upon her ; as she hath done, do 
unto her." 

Jer. 1. 29. " Recompense her ac- 
cording to her work ; according to 
all she'hath done, do unto her." 

Isaiah xxi. 9. Jer. li. 8. " Bab- 
ylon is fallen, is fallen. Babylon is 
s iddealy fallen and destroyed." 

Isaiah xiii. 21. " Wild beasts of 
the desert shall be there, and their 
houses shall be full of doleful crea- 
tures ; and owls shall dwell there, 
and satyrs {duuioria Ixx.) shall 
dance there." 



Rev. xviii. 7, 8. " How much 
she hath glorified herself, and lived 
deliciously, so much torment and 
sorrow give her ; for she hath said 
in her heart, I sit a queen, and am 
no widow, and shall see no sorrow. 
Therefore shall her plagues come 
ill one day, death and mourning, 
and famine." 



Rev. xviii. 8. *' She shall be ut- 
terly burned with fire." 

Rev. xviii. 4. ''Come out of her, 
my people, that ye be not parta- 
kers of her sins." 



Rev. xviii. 5. " For her sins have 
reached unto heaven." 

Rev. xviii. 6. *' Reward her even 
as she has rewarded you, and dou- 
ble unto her double, according to 
her works ... in the cup which 
she hath filled, fill to her double." 

Rev. xviii. 2. *'Babylon the great 
is fallen, is fallen." 

Rev. xviii. 2. '* And is become 
the habitation of devils, and the 
hold of every foul spirit, and a cage 
of every unclean and hateful bird." 



SYMBOLIC BABYLON. 57 

Jer. li. 63, 64. ** And it shall be, Rev. xviii. 21. *' And a mighty 

when thou hast made an end of angel took up a stone like to a 

reading this book, that thou shalt great millstone, and cast it into the 

bind a stone to it, and cast it into sea, saying. Thus with violence 

the midst of the Euphrates; and shall that great city Babylon be 

thou shalt say, Thus shalt Babylon thrown down, and shall be found 

sink, and shall not rise from the no more at all." 
evil that I will bring upon her." 

The passages last cited and compared, those espe- 
cially of the eighteenth of the Revelation, refer to the lit- 
eral Babylon of prophecy. But John describes only the 
closing scenes of the present dispensation, when Christ 
will re-appear, at Armageddon, with the armies of heaven 
following, which event is future. If the evidence thus 
taken from these three prophets is sufficient to identify the 
city severally described by them, both literal and sym- 
bolic, as being, under each comparison, one and the 
same city — and who can doubt it without rejecting all 
rules of evidence? — then must literal Babylon first be 
restored, and symbolic Babylon still await the full con- 
summation of her predicted reign. 



8 



CHAPTER IV. 



THE ANTICHRIST OF PROPHECY. 

THE RESTORATION OF THE JEWS IN UNBELIEF, AND THEIR 
SUBSEQUENT PERSECUTION BY ANTICHRIST. 

Antichrist is not antichristianism, an abstraction, an 
unembodied principle, an impersonal idea. 

Antichrist is the " beast " of the Revelation ; the " lit- 
tle horn " of, respectively, the seventh and eleventh chap- 
ters of Daniel; the *'king of fierce countenance" of the 
eighth and '' prince that shall come "of the ninth of Dan- 
iel ; the " king of Assyria " of the tenth, and " king of 
Babylon" and "Lucifer" of the fourteenth of Isaiah; 
the " man of sin" and " son of perdition" of the second 
chapter of the second epistle to the Thessalonians. But 
he is more conspicuously known and portrayed than, per- 
haps, under any other title, as the " heast " of the Reve- 
lation. These, with their accompanying descriptions and 
portraitures, are separate titles and accounts of one and 
the same person. That person is the last great monarch 
of the Gentiles, the Antichrist of prophecy. He is not 
many persons, or a succession of persons (as, for in- 
stance, the Popes of Rome), but one person, having 
an individuality which is all his own, which no other nor 
any^number of other persons has ever in the least shared, 
or ever can share, however remarkably they may, in some 



THE ANTICHRIST OF PROPHECY. 59 

or in many respects, have answered to the prophetic account 
of him, have typified his character, or foreshadowed his 
coming and his career. Antichrist, the Antichrist, is no 
more to be regarded in any merely Protean, or generic 
and representative, or speculative and mystical and spirit- 
ualized, sense, than is He, against whom he will finally 
gather the chosen strength of the armies of the ten con- 
federated kings of the prophetic earth before the walls of 
Jerusalem, Himself so to be regarded. The antithesis, 
Christ and Antichrist, is a perfect one, as perfect in its 
opposing personalities, as in its opposing moral qualities. 
Thus, for example : 

CHRIST. ANTICHRIST. 

John iii. 31. " Comes from Rev. xi. 7. "Comes from below." 
above." 

John V. 43. " Comes in his Fa- John v. 43. "Comes in his own." 
ther's name." 

Phil. ii. 8. " Humbled himself 2. Thess. ii. 4. " Exalts himself 

and became obedient." above all." 

Is. liii. 3. " Was despised and Rev. xiii. 3, 4. " All the world 

rejected and we esteemed him wonder after the beast, saying, who 

not." is like unto him ?" 

John vi. 38. "Comes to do his Daniel xi. 31. " Does according 

Father's will." to his own." 

John xvii. 4. " Glorifies God on Rev. xiii. 6. " Blasphemes the 

earth." name of God." 

Johnx. 14, 15. "The good Shep- Zech. xi. 16, 17. "The evil 

herd that giveth his life for the shepherd or idol shepherd who shall 

sheep." tear the flesh." 

Phil. ii. 9, 10. " God highly ex- Is. xiv. 14, 15. " Exalteth him- 

alts him, and gives him a name self above the heights of the clouds, 

above every name, that at the name yet is brought down to hell." 
of Jesus every knee should bow." 

Matt. xxiv. 3(». " Shall be seen Is. xiv. 16. " They that see thee 

coming in the clouds with power shall narrowly look upon thee, say- 

and great glory." ing, Is this the man that made the 

earth to tremble, that did shake 
the kingdoms ? " 

Rev. xi. 15. " Shall reign for Dan. vii. 26. " They shall take 

ever and ever." away his dominion to consume and 

destroy it to the end." 

Heb. i. 2. " The heir of all 2 Thess. ii. 3. " The son of per- 

things." dition." 



60 THE ANTICHRIST OF PROPHECY. 

Although we might dwell, at length, upon the texts 
thus cited and compared, as furnishing clear and substan- 
tial criteria, by which to recognize and identify Antichrist 
when he shall enter upon his career, and by which to de- 
termine many of his principal characteristics, and many 
of the principal incidents of his reign, yet our only ob- 
ject now is to refer to them, as establishing, beyond a 
question, his jpersonality. If on the other hand, they 
afford no evidence of his personality, then do not the 
contrasted texts, on the other, afford any evidence of 
the personality of Christ. If we claim that the one class 
of texts fail to prove the personality of Antichrist, of one 
particular Antichrist, as contradistinguished from and 
preeminent over all types and forerunners which shall 
have preceded him, then, upon the same principles of 
logic and evidence by which this conclusion is reached, 
must the other class of texts equally fail to prove the 
personality of Christ. Deny that the prophets. Old and 
New Testament alike, prove the existence of the partic- 
ular, personal and final Antichrist, or that they describe 
the principal events of his career, and it is impossible, in 
all logical fairness, not to deny, also, that the prophets 
and evangelists prove the existence of the particular 
and personal Christ (as distinguished, if you please, 
from the " false Christs," which he warned his disciples 
would come in his name), and that they record the prin- 
cipal acts of his life and the principal events of his career. 

True, the prophet who portrays the beast of the Reve- 
lation elsewhere informs us that there are many anti- 
christs (1 John ii. 18), indeed, that whosoever denies that 
Christ is to come (c^;t'<>.««»'oy in the original, and venturus 
in the Vulgate) in the flesh is antichrist; but it will be 



THE ANTICHRIST OF PROPHECY. 61 

observed that he does not, in his epistle, as in the Revela- 
tion, call these antichrists by name, or give us any partic- 
ular account of them, or attach any specific title to them. 
It is of antichristianism, of the " spirit of antichrist," 
of which the prophet, ^professedly^ discourses in his epistle, 
but it is of THE Antichrist that he discourses, and whose 
portraiture he draws, in the Revelation ; not of his types 
and forerunners of any or of all ages, of Antiochus Epiph- 
anes, or Mohammed, or the Napoleons, or either of them, 
or any one Pope, or any succession of Popes, however 
signally they may have foreshadowed his reign, or con- 
tributed to cast up a highway for him ; but of the literal 
Antichrist of the very last days, of, so to speak, the very 
closing hours of the Gentile dispensation ; of the^ great 
final monarch of the prophetic earth, and of him alone. 
The prophet of the Revelation means, as Daniel, the great 
apocalyptic revelator of the Old Testament, meant before 
him, that there should be no mistake as to the personal 
identity, or the lofty preeminence in evil, of this last 
Antichrist, or as to the distinctive and expressly revealed 
characteristics of his reign. 

To further illustrate the personal identity of this literal 
and final Antichrist, but, more especially, to identify the 
symbols enumerated at the commencement of this chap- 
ter, as referring, one and all, to one and the same per- 
son, we will compare the accounts given of him under 
these symbols in different chapters of Daniel and the 
Revelation, premising only that we can but anticipate the 
surprise of the reader (once having made himself familiar 
with the portraiture of Antichrist in the Revelation) 
to find how easily he will be able to follow him, un- 
der every change of symbol, under every altered title, 



62 THE ANTICHRIST OF PROPHECY. 

through, not the pages of Daniel only, but the entire 
range of prophetic Scripture, never, for a moment losing 
sight of him, or erring as to his personal identity in all 
its strict and proper fulness. Thus ; 

AS THE BEAST. AS THE LITTLE HORN. 

Rev. xiii. 6. ** He opens his Dan. vii. 25. ** He speaks great 

mouth in blasphemy against God, words against the Most High, 
to blaspheme his name, and his 
tabernacle, and them that dwell in 
heaven." 

Rev. xiii. 7. " He makes war Dan. vii. 21, " He mfakes war 

with the saints and overcomes with the saints and prevails." 
them." 

Rev. xiii. 5. " Authority was Dan. vii. 25. *' The saints are 

given unto him forty and two given into his hand until time, 

months," i.e. 1260 days. times and the dividing of time," 

i. e. 1250 days. 

A strong presumption certainly that the beast of the 
thirteenth of the Revelation and the little horn of the 
seventh of Daniel are identical, symbols of one and the 
same person. Again ; 

AS THE LITTLE HORN. AS THE SECOND LITTLE HORN. 

Dan. vii. 25. ** Speaks great Dan. xi. 26. ** Speaks marvel- 
words against the Most High. lous things against the God of 

gods." 

Dan. vii. 22. "Shall prevail un- Dan. xi. 36. Shall prosper till 

til the Ancient of days comes, and the indignation [against Israel and 

judgment is given to the saints of Jerusalem] be accomplished." 
the Most High, and the time comes 
that the saints possess the king- 
dom." 

Thus the symbols of the seventh and eleventh of Dan- 
iel are as clearly identical as those of the seventh of Dan- 
iel and the thirteenth of the Revelation. Again ; 

AS THE SECOND LITTLE HORN. AS THE KING OF FIEBCE COUN- 

TENANCE. 

Dan. xi. 41. " He shall enter Dan. viii. 9. " He waxes great 

also into the glorious land." towards the pleasant land." 

Dan. xi. 40. ** Enters the glo- Dan. viii. 17. " At the time of 

riou^ land at the time of the end." the end shall be the vision." 

Dan. xi. 36. " He shall prosper Dan. viii. 19. ** He shall pros- 
till the indignation [against Israel per in the last end of the indigna- 
and Jerusalem] be accomplished." tion" [against Israel and Jerusa- 
lem]. 



THE ANTICHRIST OF PEOPHECT. 63 

Thus the identity of the king of fierce countenance of 
the eighth and the little horn of the eleventh of Daniel 
can not be denied, as it appears to us, without, at the 
same time, denying the identity of the symbols previously 
considered, and their identity one and all with that of the 
eighth of Daniel. Finally ; 

THE ''I^^°^O^^ri|_HCE COUN- THE PRINCE THAT SHALL COME. 

danytacrific"' " ^^^^^^ "^^^y *e Ban ix 27. " Causes the sacri- 
Dan viH iq « <5K II ^oe^nd oblation to cease." 

in^hTiair^nfonhet^Ur- J^^,Z.a'::i^ 1^^^ 

tor." 

Thus are the beast of the thirteenth of the Revelation, 
the little horn of the seventh, the little horn of the 
eleventh, the king of fierce countenance of the eighth, 
and the prince that shall come of the ninth, of Daniel' 
identical symbols, representative of the literal and final 
Antichrist of prophecy. We say final, because it will be 
observed that, with a single exception, the last two con- 
trasted texts in each of the foregoing sets of compari- 
sons, establish his fall as being " when the indignation 
[against Israel and Jerusalem] shall be accomplished," 
which, certainly, as the observation of the most indiffer- 
ent must convince them, has not been accomplished as 
yet, and as being " at the time of the end," which has 
certainly not yet arrived. 

The evidence by which the identity of the symbols, 
thus variously and concurrently representing Antichrist 
m prophetic Scripture is clearly established, might be 
multiplied indefinitely. We add a single instance more. 
" The prince that shall come" of the ninth of Daniel, 
"shall prosper until the consummation, and that deter- 
mined is poured upon the desolator." (v. 27.) The 



^4 THE ANTICHRIST OF PROPHECY. 

" king of Assyria " of the tenth of Isaiah shall pros- 
per "till the Lord hath performed his whole work 
upon Mount Zion, and on Jerusalem." The '' king 
of Assyria" is, therefore, still another title of the An- 
tichrist. 

In the fourteenth of Isaiah he is again called the Assy- 
rian, ''The Lord of hosts hath sworn, saying. Surely as 
I have thought, so shall it come to pass ; and as I have 
purposed, so shall it stand : That I will break the Assy- 
rian in my land, and upon my mountains tread him under 
foot ; THEN shall his yoke depart from off them and his 
burden from off their shoulders"— i. e. the shoulders of 
Israel; a sure proof of their restoration in unbelief. 

In the same chapter he is also called '' the king of 
Babylon" and " Lucifer," from his blasphemous assump- 
tion, perhaps, of the character of Christ as the bright 
and morning star. 

We have thus considered some of the evidences of the 
personality of the literal and final Antichrist of prophecy, 
and of the identity of not a few of the various symbols by 
which he is represented ; which evidences contain, in most 
instances, direct proof, and, in all, conclusive implica- 
tions, of the futurity of his reign. 

It remains to consider, more particularly and more by 
themselves, still other proofs of the futurity of the reign 
of Antichrist, though nothing, probably, could establish 
that fact more completely than the plain declarations of 
prophetic Scripture already considered, which place the 
period of his reign ''at the time of the end" ; when "the 
indignation [against Israel and Jerusalem] shall be ac- 
complished" ; "when the Lord hath performed his whole 
work upon Mount Zion, and on Jerusalem"; in "the 



THE ANTICHRIST OF PROPHECY. 65 

last end of the indignation" — and " when the transgres- 
sors are come to the full," i. e. when their full number 
is accomplished, which certainly is not as yet. These 
plain declarations are perfectly definite and conclusive, 
and yet they are but a tithe of the scriptural evidence 
of the futurity of Antichrist's reign, nor do we propose, 
in proceeding to the consideration of further proof on 
this point, to allude to more than a tithe of that which 
renaains. 

First, Antichrist is described as " exalting himself 
above all that is called God, or that is worshipped," 
2 Thess. ii. 4 ; as " planting the tabernacles of his 
palace between the seas [the Dead and Mediterranean] 
in the glorious holy mountain," Daniel xi. 45 ; as 
sitting in the temple of God^ shewing himself that he is 
God.''— 2 Thess. ii. 4. 

Now " the temple of God" is an expression applied 
in Scripture to three things, and three only ; 1st. To 
the actual temple at Jerusalem, as in 1 Sam. i. 9. 2d. 
To the bodies of individual saints, as in 1 Cor. vi. 19. 
3d. To the Church of God, as in 1 Cor. iii. 17. 
It is manifestly impossible that Antichrist could sit 
in any but the first of these three, and the co-inciding ex- 
pression of Daniel, " the glorious holy mountain," fixes 
the locality of that temple, not, as some would have it, at 
Rome, but in the holy city, at Jerusalem and there 
only. 

We have seen that the symbols of Antichrist in 

Daniel and the symbol of Antichrist in the Revelation 

are identical, also that the periods at which these prophets 

severally predicted his reign, are identical. Their de- 

9 



66 THE ANTICHRIST OF PROPHECY. 

scriptions in this regard are perfectly precise and harmo- 
nious. 

But the Apocalypse was written by John twenty years 
after the destruction of Jerusalem by Titus, A. D. 
71, and was a revelation, as the term itself implies, not 
of the past^ but of the future. But there has been no 
temple at Jerusalem thus to " sit in" and to pollute, from 
the time of its destruction by Titus even until now. 
John, therefore (and not less Daniel), in prophetically re- 
cording the desecration of the Jewish temple by Anti- 
christ, must have had reference to a period which is 
clearly and unquestionably /i^^2tre. 

And here, in passing, we pause for a moment, to show, 
more specifically, that Antiochus Epiphanes, could not, 
as many have supposed, have been the Antichrist either 
of Daniel or the Revelation (although Daniel, in his 
eleventh chapter, describes Antiochus at length as pol- 
luting the Jewish temple and worship), for he died more 
than one hundred and sixty years before Christ. He can 
not, therefore, be the Antichrist of John, and if not of 
John certainly not of Daniel, for we have seen that they 
are identical. Antiochus is, perhaps, the most remarka- 
ble of all the types of Antichrist, certainly in many re- 
spects. He overrun the holy city and the holy land. 
He " took away the daily sacrifice." He profaned the 
temple. But he did not live " at the time of the end," 
'' in the last end of the indignation ," " when the trans- 
gressors were come to the full," when the Lord had 
" performed his whole work upon Mount Zion, and on 
Jerusalem." He did not " stand up against the Prince 
of^rinces." He was not " broken without hand," i. e. by 
special and direct divine interposition. He did not reign in 



THE ANTICHRIST OF PROPHECY. 67 

undivided sovereignty over the ten prophetic realms of the 
eastern and western Roman earth, nor did any ten confed- 
erated kings therein flee to him, to seek, under his more 
iron rule, a refuge from the popular commotions that men- 
aced their thrones. The age of democracy, of the struggle 
for independence of the clay, as against the iron, was com- 
paratively unknown and undeveloped then. For the same 
reason Mohammed can not have been Antichrist, nor can 
any Pope, nor any number or succession of Popes. There 
is, moreover, no mountain in Rome, much less the " glo- 
rious holy mountain " of which Daniel speaks, and to 
which our Saviour alludes, as he does in the twenty-fourth 
of Matthew, as the seat of the " Holy Place." There 
are not (as we have shoAvn) seven distinct hills even 
there. There is no Temple of God there, capable of be- 
ing thus desecrated and profaned, unless it be claimed that 
it is St. Peter's, which, surely, with its satanic record, is 
any thing, and has ever been any thing, rather than " the 
Holy Place." Certainly Bishop Colenso could not, by 
any possible ingenuity of his " verifying faculty," or in 
any possible consistency with his neologic conceits, so 
contract the range of his Anglican latitudinarianism, as to 
grant to the Pope so full and exclusive a dispensation as 
this. Not thus does he minister at the altars of symbolic 
Babylon ! 

Again ; we are told by Daniel that the period of Anti- 
christ's reign will be a season of unexampled tribula- 
tion. He says, expressly, that this tribulation will be 
" at the time of the end," and that it will be connected 
immediately with the reign of Antichrist. 

'^ And he [Antichrist] shall plant the tabernacles of 
his palace between the seas in the glorious holy mountain 



6S THE ANTICHRIST OF TROPHECY. 

. . . . and at that time there shall be a time of trouble, 
such as never was since there was a nation, . . . and at 
this time thy people [the House of Israel] shall be deliv- 
ered, every one that shall be found written in the book." 
— Daniel xi. 45 ; xii. 1. 

John, in the Revelation, refers distinctly to the severity 
of this tribulation, identifying it plainly with the reign 
of Antichrist. 

" And it was given unto him [the beast] to make war 
with the saints, and to overcome them .... and he 
eauseth all, the small and the great, and the rich and the 
poor, and the free and the bond, to receive a mark on 
their right hand, or on their forehead : [and] that no one 
be able to buy or to sell, save he that hath the mark, the 

name of the beast, or the number of his name 

and all that dwell upon the earth shall worship him, 
w^hose names are not written in the book of life of the 
Lamb slain from the foundation of the world." — Revela- 
tion xiii. 

So also our Saviour foretold this season of tribulation 
to his disciples, connecting it immediately with the reign 
of Antichrist, and his own second appearing. 

'' When ye therefore shall see the abomination of deso- 
lation, spoken of by Daniel the prophet, stand in the holy 

place there shall be great tribulation, such as 

was not since the beginning of the world to this time, no, 
nor ever shall be Immediately after the tribula- 
tion of those days shall the sun be darkened, and the 
moon shall not give her light, and the stars shall fall 
from heaven, and the powers of the heavens shall be 
shaken ; and then shall appear the sign of the Son of 
man in heaven, and then shall all the tribes of the 



THE ANTICHRIST OF PROPHECY. 69 

earth mourn, and they shall see the Son of man coming 
in the clouds of heaven with power and great glory." — 
Matthew xxiv. 

Now if this season of unprecedented and unexampled 
tribulation has already past, then is '' the time of the 
end" also past; then, also, has Antichrist "planted the 
tabernacles of his palace between the seas in the glorious 
holy mountain " in the past ; then has the full number of 
transgressors been accomplished in the past ; then has 
the indignation against Israel and Jerusalem ceased, and 
the House of Israel been delivered, in the past ; then has 
the sign of the Son of man, which our Saviour foretold, 
{not reverted to) appeared in heaven in the past ; then has 
the Son of man come again in his own glory, and in his 
Father's glory, and in the glory of the holy angels, and 
the righteous living been transformed, and the sainted 
dead been raised from their graves, in the past, to meet 
him at his coming ; then are we living in the millen- 
nium now. Alas, how many aching hearts, and weary 
heads, and weeping eyes, how many righteous and 
believing souls, will attest the contrary ! If, therefore, 
we are not living in the millennium now, and Anti- 
christ is not reigning now, as we know from indu- 
bitable criteria (already referred to) that he is not, then 
must his reign, clearly and unquestionably, he future. 

Once more ; not only is the empire of Antichrist (em- 
bracing the territory comprised within the boundaries 
of the four great world powers, as already considered) 
to be supernaturally destroyed " at the time of the 
end," and " in the days of these kings " (the ten 
kings of the prophetic earth, Daniel ii. 44) by the 
" stone cut out of the mountain, without hands," but An- 



70 THE ANTICHRIST OF PROPHECY. 

ti Christ is, at the same time, to be supernaturally destroyed 
himself. We cite the following Scripture in proof. 

" He shall also stand up against the Prince of princes, 
but he shall be destroyed without hand,*' (Daniel viii. 25) 
i. e., by direct divine interposition, which interposition, it 
is worthy of notice, will be attended with various miracu- 
lous signs and tokens, such as are described by our 
Saviour, — the darkening of the sun, the witholding of the 
light of the moon, the falling of the stars from heaven, 
and the shaking of its powers. 

'' These [the ten kings of the prophetic earth and the 
beast] shall make war upon the Lamb and the Lamb 
shall overcome them, for he is the Lord of lords and the 
King of kings." — Revelation xvii. 12, 14. 

'' And I saw the beast and the kings of the earth, and 
his armies, gathered together to make war upon him that 
sat on the horse, and with his army [the legions of heaven.] 
And the beast was taken, and he who was with him, the 
false prophet, that wrought miracles in his presence, with 
which he deceived those that received the mark of the 
beast, and those that worship his image. [What false 
prophet thus ministers, or has ever thus ministered, to the 
Pope of Rome?) These both were cast alive into the 
lake of fire which burneth with brimstone. And the rest 
were killed with the sword of him that sat upon the 
horse, which sword proceeded out of his mouth ; and all 
the fowls were filled with their flesh." — Rev. xix. 19 — 21. 

So also the apostle Paul expressly couples the super- 
natural destruction of Antichrist with Christ's second 
coming. 

~^' The man of sin, the son of perdition . . that wicked 
one whom the Lord shall consume with the breath of his 



THE ANTICHRIST OF PROPHECY. 71 

spirit, and destroy with the brightness of his coming." — 
2 Thes. ii. 3, 8. 

So also Isaiah ; 

'' And he shall smite the earth with the rod of his 
mouth, and with the breath of his lips shall he slay the 
wicked one." — ^xi. 4. 

In the light of this Scripture, it is enough simply to 
ask what sovereign of the entire (eastern and western) 
prophetic earth, holding sway over its ten allied realms 
and ten concurring kings, has ever been thus supernatu- 
rally destroyed in the past? If no one, then must the 
reign of Antichrist be, most clearly and unquestionably, 
future. 

We have thus considered the 'personality of Antichrist ; 
the identity of the syrribols^ which represent him ; the sphere^ 
in its precise boundaries, and the futurity^ in its appointed 
period, of his reign. Let us now consider, more particu- 
larly, the prophetic record of his reign. 

Its most distinguishing feature will be its connection with 
Israel and Jerusalem. In this connection, it would almost 
appear as if Antichrist were to be raised up purposely to 
be the judicial, final and most consuming scourge of 
God's '' chosen people." His record, in this regard, is to 
be found, chiefly, in the last six chapters of Daniel. The 
first six chapters give us a picture of the four great Gen- 
tile empires, and the course of Gentile civilization from 
its commencement to its close ; the last six a picture of 
Israel and Jerusalem as affected by Gentile rule and the 
reign of Antichrist. The first six revolve around Bab- 
ylon as their centre ; the last six around Jerusalem. The 
first six are written in the native tongue of Babylon, the 
Chaldee ; the last six in the native tongue of Israel, the 



72 THE ANTICHRIST OF PROPHECY. 

Hebrew. The first six give us, in outline, the career of 
the great Gentile kings who precede Antichrist ; the last 
six give us, in detail, the principal acts of Antichrist as 
connected with Israel and Jerusalem. It is thus, and thus 
only, that it is possible to view Antichrist in proper bold- 
ness of relief. Israel and Jerusalem, far more than many 
would at first suppose, constitute the great key-note of hu- 
man history, and Antichrist will, on the one hand, be 
their last, their most vengeful, and, for a season, their 
most successful foe, as he will be, on the other, the last 
great idol of Gentile civilization, the representative of 
its grandest epoch, "wondered after and worshipped by 
all." But the Jews are to be " trodden under foot of the 
Gentiles " to the very end. 

Contemporaneously with his reign, the Jews will be a 
restored, but still unforgiven and unbelieving nation, with 
a rebuilded temple and reinstituted worship. Their 
worldly resources and worldly pride will be beyond all 
precedent or comparison. This is the special burden of 
the second chapter of Isaiah. " Replenished from the East, 
their land will be full of silver and gold, neither is there 
any end of their treasures ; their land is also full of 
horses, neither is there any end of their chariots ; their 
land is also full of idols." — Isaiah ii. 6 — 8. Thus, though 
restored as a nation, they will be restored, not in favor, 
but in anger. Judgments more consuming than were 
ever inflicted upon them before await them now. "The 
Lord shall lop their bough with terror, and the high ones 
of stature shall be hewn down, and the haughty shall be 
made humble." Antichrist will be the instrument em- 
ployed. " I will send him against an hypocritical nation, 
and against the people of my wrath will I give him a 



\ 



THE ANTICHRIST OF PROPHECY. 73 

charge, to take the spoil, and to take the prey, and to 
tread them down like the mire of the streets." (Isaiah 
X. 9.) " Wherefore thus saith the Lord G-od ; Because ye 
are all become dross, behold, therefore I will bring you 
[the entire House of Israel, all the tribes] into the midst 
of Jerusalem. As they gather silver, and brass, and 
iron, and lead, and tin, into the midst of the furnace, 
to blow upon it, to melt it ; so will I gather you [when 
have they ever been so gathered in the past ?] in my an- 
ger and my fury, and I will leave you there and melt 
you. Yes ! I will gather you, and blow upon you in the 
fire of my wrath, and ye shall be melted in the midst 
thereof ; and ye shall know that I the Lord have poured 
out my fury upon you." — Ezekiel xxii. 19 — 22. 

" And the people of the prince that shall come shall 
destroy the city, and the sanctuary ; and the end thereof 
shall be with a flood, and unto the end of the war [of 
Antichrist against Israel and Jerusalem] desolations are 
determined." — Daniel ix. 26. 

These persecutions will not cease until the hour for 
the destruction of Antichrist, and the co-incident conver- 
sion of Israel shall arrive. 

If the Jews are to be restored as a believing and for- 
given nation, as some believe, why these persecutions 
after their return ? If they are to be converted as a na- 
tion^ as we know from Zechariah that they are to be, 
then, of course, must they have returned unconverted. 

The Jews will, at first, willingly receive Antichrist. 
" I am come in my Father's name and ye receive me not, 
if another shall come in his own name, him ye will 
receive." 

Antichrist will enter into a covenant with them, 
10 



74 THE ANTICHRIST OF PROPHECY. 

" cleaving unto them with flatteries." " And he shall 
confirm the covenant with many [i. e., with Israel] for 
one week [or hebdomad, a period of seven years], and 
in the midst of the week [at the end of three and a half 
years] he shall cause the sacrifice and the oblation to 
cease, and for the overspreading of abominations he 
shall make it desolate, even until the consummation and 
that determined shall be poured upon the desolator." 
(Daniel ix. 27.) That is, in his jealousy of the undivided 
homage and worship of all adherents of his dominion, 
and of every vestige and memorial, however prostituted, 
of the true God, he will violate his covenant, assail Jeru- 
salem, and make war upon its people. He will, for a 
time, be victorious. He will overthrow the Jewish wor- 
ship. He will " plant the tabernacles of his palace be- 
tween the seas in the glorious holy mountain." He will 
" sit in the temple of God, showing himself that he is 
God," " exalting himself above all that is called God, or 
that is worshipped," setting up '' the abomination of des- 
olation" in the "Holy Place." Then shall there be a 
time of trouble for Israel, such as shall not have been 
since there was a nation, no, nor ever shall be. " Behold 
the day [not the " day of the Lord," of Christ's second 
coming ; that is still future] cometh for Jehovah, and 
thy spoil shall be divided in the midst of thee. For I 
will gather all nations against Jerusalem to battle ; and 
the city shall be taken, and the houses rifled, and the 
women ravished ; and half of the city shall go forth into 
captivity, and the residue of the people shall not be cut 
ofi*." (Zechariah xiv. 2.) This description applies, in no 
sens^, to the subsequent and final siege of Jerusalem, 
for then the city will not be taken, no outrage will be 



THE ANTICHRIST OF PROPHECY. 75 

committed upon it by its foes, no portion of it will go 
forth into captivity. 

But the end draweth nigh. " For the elects' sake [now 
so nearly worn out by Antichrist] those days shall be 
shortened." Antichrist '' shall come to his end and none 
shall help him." The " battle of the great day of God 
the Almighty" is at hand. But Antichrist little foresees 
that he will be opposed by the armies of heaven and their 
divine Commander, appearing in proper person. 

For some untold reason, the " residue that is not cut 
off" rebel again against the rule of Antichrist and defy 
his utmost^ rage. Whereupon he prepares to assail Jeru- 
salem more fiercely than ever. 

'' For behold, in those days, and in that time, when I 
shall bring again the captivity of Judah and Jerusalem, 
I will also gather all nations [of the prophetic earth] and 
will bring them down into the valley of Jehoshaphat [Je- 
hovah judging] and will plead with them for my people, 
and for my heritage Israel, whom they have scattered 
among the nations, and parted my land." — Joel iii. 1, 2. 

'' Proclaim ye this among the Gentiles : Prepare war, 
wake up the mighty men, let all the men of war draw 
near, let them come up : Beat your ploughshares into 

swords, your pruning hooks into spears Put ye in 

the sickle, for the harvest is ripe ; come, and get ye 
down, for the press is full, the vats overflow ; for their 
wickedness is great. Multitudes, multitudes in the valley 

of decision The Lord also shall roar out of Zion, 

and utter his voice from Jerusalem, and the heavens and 
the earth shall shake, but the Lord will be the hope of his 
people, and the strength of the children of Israel." — Joel 
iii. 9—16. 



76 THE ANTICHRIST OF PROPHECY. 

" The Lord shall go forth, and fight against those na- 
tions, as when he fought in the day of battle, and his feet 
shall stand in that day upon the Mount of Olives J^ — Zech- 
ariah xiv. 3, 4. 

" And it shall come to pass in that day, that I will seek 
to destroy [not all nations, but] all the nations that come 
against Jerusalem [i. e., the ten nations of the prophetic 
earth] . . . and they [i. e., Israel] shall look upon me 
whom they have pierced^ and they shall mourn for him, 
as one mourneth for his only son." — Zechariah xii. 9, 10. 

"And when they had spoken these things, while they 
beheld, he was taken up ; and a cloud received him out of 
their sight. And while they looked steadfastly towards 
heaven as he went up, behold, two men stood by them in 
white apparel ; which also said. Ye men of Galilee, why 
stand ye gazing up into heaven ? this same Jesus that is 
taken up from you into heaven^ shall so come in like man- 
ner as ye have seen him go into heaven,'' — Acts i. 9 — 11. 

" And they shall see the Son of man coming in the 
clouds of heaven with power and great glory." — Our 
Saviour, in Matthew xxiv. 30. 

" For they are the spirits of demons, working mira- 
cles, that go forth unto the kings of the whole w^orld [rfjg 
olxow^ihr^g ohjg, i. e., the wholc prophctic earth,] to gather 
them to the battle of the great day of God the Almighty. 
.... And they gathered them together into the place 

which is called in Hebrew Armageddon These 

[i. e., the ten kings of the prophetic earth, and the heast'] 
shall make war upon the Lamb, and the Lamb shall over- 
come them, because he is the Lord of lords, and King of 
kings, and those who are with him are called, and chosen, 
and faithful." .... "And I saw heaven opened, and 



THE ANTICHRIST OF PROPHECY. 77 

behold a white horse ; and he that sat upon him was 

[called] Faithful and True And the armies which 

were in heaven were following him . . . and out of his 
mouth proceeded a sharp sword, that with it he should 
smite the nations : and he shall rule them with a rod of 
iron : and he treadeth the winepress of the fierceness of 
the wrath of God the Almighty. And he hath on his gar- 
ment and on his thigh a name written, King of kings, and 
Lord of lords. And I saw an angel standing in the sun ; 
and he cried with a loud voice, saying to all the fowls 
that fly in the mid-heaven, Come, be gathered together 
unto the great supper of God ; that ye may eat the flesh 
of kings, and the flesh of chief-captains, and the flesh of 
mighty men, and the flesh of horses, and of those that 
sit on them, and the flesh of all men, both small and 
great. And I saw the beast, and the kings of the earth, 
and his armies, gathered together to make war with him 
that sat on the horse, and with his army. And the beast 
was taken, and he who was with him, the false prophet 
that w^rought miracles in his presence, with which he 
deceived those that worship his image. These both were 
cast alive into the lake of fire which burneth with brim- 
stone. And the rest were killed with the sword of him 
that sat upon the horse, which sword proceeded out of 
his mouth : and all the fowls were filled with their flesh." 
— Revelation xvi., xvii., xix.* 

Bat Antichrist and his armies are not to be the only 

* This will not be the only occasion when there has been a direct and 
visible interference of almighty power for the deliverance of Israel. 
God divided the Red Sea for their escape from Egypt. He caused the 
walls of Jericho to fall down. He fought for them against the kings of 
Canaan He descended on Sinai to confirm with them, for their future 
guidance, the covenant of the Law with its glorious but rejected alter- 
native of perpetual blessing. Sinai trembled and was shaken ; and He 
has said, "Yet one more I shake not the earth only, but also heaven." 



78 THE ANTICHRIST OF PROPHECY. 

victims of the interposing vengeance of heaven. The 
hour of the final destruction of his golden capital, the 
literal Babylon of prophecy, has also arrived. Note 
the call that summons forth the hordes of central and 
northern Asia to its destruction, even while his armies 
are beleaguring Jerusalem. 

" Set ye up a standard in the land, blow the trumpet 
among the nations, prepare the nations against her, the 
kingdoms of Ararat, Minni and Aschenaz, appoint a 
captain against her ; cause the horses to come up as the 
rough caterpillars. Prepare against her the nations with 
the kings of the Medes, the captains thereof, and all the 
rulers thereof. And the land [of Babylon] shall tremble 
and sorrow : for every purpose of the Lord shall be per- 
formed against Babylon, to make her a desolation with- 
out an inhabitant." — Jeremiah 1. 27 — 29.* 

Thus Babylon will fall. Thus " her broad walls shall 
be broken, and her high gates be burned with fire," ''her 
mighty men be taken, and every one of their bows be 
broken," " for the spoilers have come unto her from the 
north," even at the very time (as swift messengers from 
Babylon will hasten to announce) that the Lord of hosts 
" shall break the Assyrian in his land," and '' upon His 
mountains tread him under foot." Israel, now repentant 
and forgiven, will rejoice and lift up her loud and tri- 
umphant acclaim, " How hath the oppressor ceased — the 
golden city ceased." 

Thus sets, in divided glory and gloom, the Saturday 
evening's sun of this Gentile dispensation, briefly pre- 

* The *' nations " here referred to can not be the same as those de- 
scribed as being gathered, under Antichrist, before Jerusalem, for the 
latter are said expressly to be those of the ten kings of the prophetic 
earth. See Revelation xvii. 12, 13, 14. 



THE ANTICHRIST OF PROPHECY. 79 

ceding the millennial dawn of the new Judaic dispensa- 
tion, when Jerusalem shall, at last, " dwell safely,'' at 
rest from her Gentile foes ; when "her light shall go forth 
as brightness, and the salvation thereof as a lamp that 
burneth " to " all the families of the earth," with none 
to molest or make afraid in all God's holy mountain. 
Thus, too, shall Antichrist arise and " prosper and 
practice " and pass away, and the groaning and travailing 
earth, now, at last, relieved, enter upon a Sabbath of 
peaceful and blessed rest, and Satan be bound for a thou- 
sand years. 

Oh, how boundless, as a source of comfort and support 
and repose, will be the prospect of that millennial rest, 
with its earthly felicity and its heavenly ministrations, to 
those destined to pass through the perilous scenes of 
the great tribulation, upon the very threshold of which 
we are entering even now ! Yerily, on the other side of 
that fiery flood, there is "a rest that remaineth to the 
people of God," where all tears will be wiped away and 
there will be no cross to bear. Earth hath no sorrow 
which that rest will not heal. 



CHAPTER V. 



ISRAEL AND JERUSALEM OF PROPHECY. 

god's covenants concerning them, and their final 

exaltation. 

Intimately connected with the subjects of the preced- 
ing chapters — the restoration of the Jews, as an undi- 
vided and incorporated nation^ to their own land — their 
restoration in unhelief — their subsequent persecutions under 
Antichrist^ and their ^nsd forgiveness and blessing'^ — are 
God's covenants concerning them, and concerning his 
and their '' beloved city." 

These covenants consist of a regular series, and bind 
up within themselves almost the entire history of the 
Jewish nation, insomuch that their history can not be 
properly understood without properly understanding these 
covenants also. 

They are four in number, the Abrahamic, the Mosaic, 
the Davidic, and the " new and everlasting covenant of 
grace." 

We shall consider them in the order in which Scripture 
places them, that is, in the order of time. 

First in order, both in importance and in time, is the 
Abrahamic covenant. 

-Concerning this covenant it should be said, before en- 
tering upon a more particular consideration of it, that. 



« 



ISRAEL AND JERUSALEM. 81 

perhaps, there is no higher scriptural evidence of the 
future restoration of both families of the House of Israel, 
as an undivided nation, to their own land, and of the 
restoration of the land itself to more than its ancient 
beauty, fertility and glory, than the very terms in which 
this covenant is, not only at first expressed, but afterwards 
so fully and repeatedly confirmed. This covenant is not 
only the proper and essential starting point, but the very 
key to a just biblical understanding of the past and pres- 
ent suffering condition, and the final earthly glory of 
Israel and Jerusalem. 

Abraham, obedient to the command of God, " left his 
country, his kindred and his father's house," and jour- 
neyed westward toward Canaan. Having entered Canaan, 
not knowing whither he was to go, or where he was to 
take up even a temporary abode, he continued his journey 
until he reached the plain of Moreh. There " the Lord 
appeared unto him and said. Unto thy seed ivill I give 
this landJ^ And Abraham built an altar there unto the 
Lord. 

Subsequently, after his return from Egypt, he came 
again unto "the place where his tent had been pitched at 
the beginning, unto the place of the altar which he had 
made there at the first." The Lord, appearing to him, 
not directly upon the plain of Moreh, but upon a not 
distant mountain, from whence the land, afterwards 
called Holy, stretched on every side, to its farthest extent 
of view, " said unto Abraham, Lift up now thine eyes^ and 
look from the place where thou art^ northward^ and south- 
ward^ and eastward^ and westward : for all the land which 
thou seest^ to thee will I give it^ and to thy seed for ever. 
Arise, walk through the land, in the length of it, and in the 

11 



82 ISRAEL AND JERUSALEM. 

breadth of it ; for I ivill give it unto thee.'' From this 
elevated site, in the clear atmosphere of Canaan, the 
patriarch could not see a single spot, in the entire range 
of view that encircled him, except the peak of a far dis- 
tant mountain, that did not form a portion of the land 
given by these words of the Lord to him and to his seed 
for ever. Verily, '' a good land and a large," a gift wor- 
thy, in its freeness, and fulness, and richness, and perpe- 
tuity, of the Lord of the whole earth to give to Abraham, 
his servant and his friend ! 

This gift the Lord afterwards confirmed by a covenant, 
defining more particularly its extent, on the day when he 
announced to the aged and childless pilgrim that he 
would give unto him a son (to be the '' heir no less of 
the spiritual than material blessings promised unto him). 
" In the same day the Lord made a covenant with Abra- 
ham, saying, Unto thy seed have I given this land^ from 
the river of Egypt unto the great river ^ the river Euphrates ; 
the Kenites^ and the Kennizzites^ and the Kadmonites^ and 
the Hittites^ and the Perizzites^ and the JRejjhaims, and the 
Amorites^ and the Canaanites^ and the Girgashites^ and the 
Jehusites/' 

Again ; in visions of the night, '' the Lord called him 
forth from the curtains of his tent and commanded him, 
'' Look now towards heaven^ and tell the stars ^ if thou he 
able to number them,'' Under the pure skies of a Judean 
night, he lifted up his eyes to the innumerable heavenly 
host, '' and the word of the Lord said unto him. So shall 
thy seed &e, I am the Lord that brought thee out of Ur of 
the Chaldees^ to give thee this land to inherit it," 

^Finally ; when Abraham was ninety years old and nine, 
and one year before the birth of Isaac, the Lord again 



ISRAEL AND JERUSALEM. 83 

appeared to him and said, "■ I will establish my covenant 
between me and thee and thy seed after thee^ in their 
generations^ for an everlasting covenant^ to he a God 
unto thee^ and to thy seed after thee. And I will give unto 
thee and to thy seed after thee^ the land wherein thou art a 
stranger^ all the land of Canaan^ for an everlasting posses- 
sion ; and I ivill he their GodJ^ Verily, a gift of godlike 
munificence to one, who, previously thereto, was neither 
the father of an heir, nor, humanly speaking, likely to be, 
nor the owner of a foot of ground ! But he trusted in 
the most High Grod, the possessor of heaven and earth, 
and kept his charge, his commandments, his statutes, and 
his laws. This was the secret of the promise and the 
blessing. 

If the plainest of terms and the divinest of authority 
can establish the right of the seed of Abraham to the pos- 
session of the land of promise, against the adverse claims 
or occupancy of any and all other nations ; or the ever- 
lasting tenure of that right ; or the certainty that it will 
be ultimately and nationally enjoyed as an everlasting in- 
heritance ; then, surely, such right, with all the privileges 
and blessings pertaining to it, is granted here. No inter- 
vals of interrupted possession, or dispersion and persecu- 
tion in other lands, no tenancy of other nations, of what- 
ever duration, can devest a right, or impair the certainty 
of its ultimate and everlasting enjoyment, clothed' with 
sanctions so sacred. No human proscription, no technical 
forfeiture, can run against so divine a title. 

Observe now, briefly, the renewals by the Almighty of 
this covenant. 

To Isaac, God said, '^ Sojourn in this land^ and I will 
he with thee and bless thee ; for unto thee and thy seed will 



84 ISRAEL AND JERUSALEM. 

I give all these countries; and I ivill perform the oath whicJi 
I swdre unto Ahraham thy father^ and I will maJce thy 
seed to multiply as the stars of heaven^ and will give unto 
thy seed all these countries ; and in thy seed shall all the na- 
tions of the earth he hlessedJ' 

To Jacob, God said, " The land which I gave Ahraham 
and Isaac^ to thee will I give it^ and to thy seed after thee 
ivill I give the land,'' 

The dying Joseph said to his brethren in Egypt, " God 
will surely bring you out of this land unto the land which 
he sware to Abraham and Isaac and Jacob." 

Such is the Abrahamic covenant ; such the circum- 
stances under which it was made ; the terms in which 
it is expressed ; the divinely official sanctions which in- 
vest it ; its renewals, and its perpetuity ; such the title 
it conveys, and the muniments by which that title is 
surrounded. Such is the heaven-chartered right, which 
Antichrist will seek, with unprecedented fury^ to wrest 
from this now dispersed and despised and bleeding peo- 
ple, and such the covenants and oaths by which the 
God of Israel will oppose the fierce onsets of his Satanic 
wrath. 

The territory thus granted [not to all the seed of 
Abraham and Isaac, for they had other seed than 
Jacob, to whom these covenants did not pertain, and 
who had no inheritance in Israel, but to all the seed of 
Jacoh~\ was not left by the Almighty uncertain or unde- 
fined. Its exact boundaries, at all points, are laid down 
in Scripture, with the most careful and unambiguous pre- 
cision, whatever difficulty there may be in defining them 
with similar accuracy in modern terms. 

When the Lord appeared unto Moses with the declared 



ISBAEL AND JERUSALEM. 85 

purpose of delivering the children of Israel from their 
Egyptian captivity, and of thus fulfilling his covenants 
with Abraham and Isaac and Jacob, he said, " I am 
come down to deliver my people — and to bring them up 
out of the land of Egypt, and to bring them unto a good 
land and a large." God himself defined the limits of the 
land, " And I will set thy bounds by the E-ed Sea, even 
unto the sea of the Philistines, and from the desert unto 

the river Every place whereon the soles of your 

feet shall tread shall be yours ; from the wilderness and 
Lebanon, from the river, the river Euphrates, even unto 
the uttermost sea shall your coast be." — Deut. xi. 22 — 
26. 

Again, Moses defines, as follows, a portion of its bor- 
ders, in the thirty-fourth chapter of Numbers (6 — 11.) 
"As for the western border, ye shall have the great sea 
for a border ; this shall be your west border. This shall 
be your north border ; from the great sea ye shall point 
out for you Mount Hor. From Mount Hor ye shall 
point out your border unto the entrance of Hamath ; and 
the goings forth of the border shall be to Zedad. And 
the border shall go on to Ziphron, and the goings out of it 
shall be at Hazar-enan ; this shall be your north border. 
And ye shall point out your east border from Hazar-enan 
to Shepham ; and the coast shall go down from Shepham 
to Riblah, on the east side Ain," &c. 

Thus, as above, has Moses recorded the limits of the 
Promised Land, after the Canaanitish tribes had acquired 
a prescriptive right thereto (if such a thing were possible 
against the sure word of God) by adverse and unin- 
terrupted possession during a period of four hundred 
years. 



86 ISRAEL AND JERUSALEM. 

Centuries afterwards, when all the tribes of Israel were 
captive bondmen in lands far distant from Jerusalem and 
Samaria, a portion of tliem for a period of seventy years, 
but by far the greater portion for a period which has 
not ended even now, the prophet Ezekiel, himself a fellow- 
exile in Chaldea with Daniel and Jeremiah and the tribes 
of Judah and Benjamin, thus, as follows, defines, in per- 
fect harmony with Moses, the boundaries of the Promised 
Land, and declares to the sorrowing and weeping exiles 
by the waters of Babylon, not less, than its divinely ap- 
pointed borders, the immutability of God's covenants con- 
cerning it : 

"Thus saith the Lord God, This shall be the border 
whereby ye shall inherit the land according to the twelve 
tribes of Israel ; Joseph shall have two portions. And 
ye shall inherit it one as well as another ; concerning the 
which I lifted up my hand to give it unto your fathers ; and 
this land shall fall to you for inheritance. And this 
shall be the border of the land toward the north side, 
from the great sea, the way of Hethlon, as men go to 
Zedad ; Hamath, Berothah, Sibraim, which is between 
the border of Damascus and the border of Hamath ; 
Hazar-hatticon, which is by the coast of Hauran. And 
the border from the sea shall be Hazar-enan, the border 
of Damascus, and the north northward, and the border 
of Hamath. And this is the north side. And the east 
side ye shall measure from Hauran, and from Damascus, 
and from Gilead, and from the land of Israel by Jordan, 
from the border unto the east sea. And this is the east 
side. And the south side southward, from Tamar to the 
waters of strife in Kadesh, the river to the great sea. 
And this is the soutli side southward. The west side 



ISRAEL AND JERUSALEM. 



87 



also shall be the great sea from the border, till a man 
comes over against Hamath. This is the west side. 
So shall ye divide this land according to the tribes of 
Israel."— Ezekiel xlvii. 13—22. 

We may not be able to trace these boundaries now as 
accurately as the above description would seem to imply, or 
to verify them in terms of modern geography, but they 
are not, for that reason, any the less absolutely definite, as 
the immutable and divinely-declared limits of the Prom- 
ised Land ; as immutable to-day as on those far distant 
days, when God, both by direct communication, and by 
the mouth of his holy prophets, first defined them. And 
the immutability of his covenanted purposes concerning 
the children of Israel and their land can no more be 
shaken by any occupancy, or user, or prescriptive claims 
of other nations, during these long and weary cen- 
turies of dispersion and persecution among the Gen- 
tiles, than it was by the captivity of four hundred 
years in Egypt, or the exile of seventy years at Baby- 
lon. All the tribes will, as truly as God liveth, and 
his covenant standeth sure, go back to the Prom- 
"ised Land from their Gentile dispersion, even as all went 
back from their Egyptian, and a portion of them from 
their Babylonian bondage, for the covenant with Abra- 
ham was an everlasting covenant. And when they re- 
turn from among the Gentiles, it will be their last return, 
their final restoration ; " to look " (after a brief season of 
unequalled tribulation) ''upon Mm whom they pierced"; to 
acknowledge him as their king ; to repent and be forgiven ; 
and to become a blessing to all the nations of the earthy 
which latter provision of the Abrahamic covenant has 



SS ISRAEL AND JERUSALEM. 

never, in the past, been, in any sense, or for the briefest 
period, fulfilled. Then will the " times of the Gentiles 
be fulfilled," and Antichrist and his hosts be miraculously 
destroyed, and his golden capital be destroyed, and 
down-trodden Israel be uplifted, and their beloved city 
become " a name of joy, and a praise and honor, in all 
the earth.'' Then will all the blessings, both material and 
spiritual ^ of the Abrahamic covenant, for the first time, 
and for all coming time, be realized by Israel, and its 
spiritual blessings by all other nations of the earth. 

Such is the covenant, which God made with the 
fathers of Israel, with Abraham and Isaac and Jacob, 
commencing with a homeless but trusting and believing 
wanderer amidst the oaks of Moreh, and ending only 
when the last of his seed shall have closed their earthly 
career, and time shall be succeeded by the eternal state. 
Such, so actual, so almost inconceivable, is to be the fu- 
ture glory of Israel. But we need not envy her, for, when 
restored and pardoned, she will dispense the spiritual 
blessings of the covenant with overflowing fulness, with 
a God-like beneficence, with no invidious hand, and 
all other people, and kindreds and tongues will be wel- 
come partakers of her glory. " The Gentiles shall come 
to thy light, and kings to the brightness of thy rising." 

Every covenant hath its seal. The seal of the Abra- 
hamic covenant was the rite of circumcision. Circum- 
cision was instituted as a token of an everlasting cove- 
nant, which it was also called. " This is my covenant 
which ye shall keep, between me and you, and thy seed 
after thee ; every man child among you shall be circum- 
cised ; and it shall be a token of the covenant betwixt me 



ISRAEL AND JERUSALEM. 89 

and you : He that is born in thy house, and he that is 
bought with thy money, must needs be circumcised ; and 
my covenant shall be in your flesh for an everlasting 
covenant." — Genesis xvii. 6^ S, 

The children of Israel might have entered into full 
and quiet and uninterrupted possession of their covenanted 
inheritance at once, and into the enjoyment of its cove- 
nanted blessings, so unconditioned, so unmingled, so glo- 
rious, but their uncircumcised hearts turned away from 
the God of their fathers, and they chose other and false 
gods, until, at last, to punish them for their sins, to bring 
them to repentance, to subdue their hearts and cleanse 
them from their iniquities, God sent them into cap- 
tivity to the kings of Egypt ; if so be they might thereby 
be made worthy heirs and possessors of so precious a 
heritage. 

When, at the end of four hundred years, the bitterness 
of their bondage had become almost insupportable, God 
" brought them up out of Egypt" ; but scarcely had they 
recrossed its borders, on their way to the Promised land, 
amidst miraculous displays of divine mercy in their be- 
half, when they again rebelled, and forfeited again the 
blessings of the covenant. 

Whereupon God instituted a new covenant, entering 
into covenant with them, as he had entered into cove- 
nant with their fathers. But the covenant with them was 
not, like the former covenant, a covenant of unmingled 
blessing, but presented to their choice an alternative of 
blessing or of cursing. If they chose its curses (which 
they did), the Abrahamic covenant was to be, thereafter, 
not superseded or annulled, but susjpended^ until the cov- 
enant with them, exhausted of its curses and its coming 
12 



90 ISRAEL AND JERUSALEM. 

woes, should, upon their final repentance, ensuing upon 
the persecutions of Antichrist, and supernatural interpo- 
sitions in their behalf, be remitted and annulled by the 
" new and everlasting covenant of grace." 

But, though suspended, how wholly unforgotten of God 
was his covenant with Abraham ; how for ever sure its 
promises and its ratifying oaths ! for upon the very 
day that God commanded them, ''To-morrow, turn ye, 
get ye into the wilderness," he also said, remembering 
his covenant with their fathers, and " swearing by him- 
self, as he could not swear by a greater," '' As truly as 
I live, all the earth shall be filled with the glory of the 
Lord." 

The covenant thus entered into with his rebellious chil- 
dren, amidst the thunders of Sinai, was the Mosaic cove- 
nant, the covenant of the Law, of the ten commandments. 

If its offered blessings were accepted (as accepted they 
were not), the blessings of the Abrahamic covenant, both 
material (so far as themselves were concerned) and spir- 
itual (so far as both themselves and, through them, " all 
the nations of the earth" were concerned) might begin to 
be realized at once, and their full consummation be 
speedily attained. But if the offered curse should be 
their choice (as their choice it was), then would the 
blessings of the Abrahamic covenant remain abeyant, and 
be realized by their children's children only, in remotest 
generations, after centuries upon centuries of bitterest 
persecution and most fiery trial had passed away. And 
its spiritual blessings, according to the proper sense and 
full import of its terms (as is so convincingly attested by 
the^whole subsequent history of God's providence, and 
as the " sure word of prophecy" so abundantly confirms) 



ISRAEL AND JERUSALEM. 91 

were not '' to be realized by all other nations and all 
other families of the earth {through their agency)^ until 
its blessings (both material and spiritual) were first 
realized by them. 

We should note carefully the terms in which the Mo- 
saic covenant is expressed. We quote but in part. 

" And it shall come to pass, if thou shalt hearken dili- 
gently unto the voice of the Lord thy God, to observe and 
do all his commandments which I command thee this 
day, that the Lord thy God will set thee on high above 
all nations of the earth : and all these blessings shall 
come on thee, and overtake thee, if thou shalt hearken 
unto the voice of the Lord thy God, Blessed shalt thou 
be in the city, and blessed shalt thou be in the field. 
Blessed shall be the fruit of thy body, and the fruit of thy 
ground, and the fruit of thy cattle, and the increase of 
thy kine, and the flocks of thy sheep. Blessed shall be 
thy basket and thy store. Blessed shalt thou be when 
thou comest in, and blessed shalt thou be when thou goest 
out. .... The Lord shall command the blessing upon 
thee in thy storehouses, and in all that thou settest thine 
hand unto ; and he shall bless thee in the land which the 
Lord thy God giveth thee. 

" But it shall come to pass, if thou wilt not hearken unto 
the voice of the Lord thy God, to observe to do all his 
commandments and his statutes which I command thee 
this day ; that all these curses shall come upon thee and 
overtake thee ; cursed shalt thou be in the city, and 
cursed shalt thou be in the field. Cursed shall be thy 
basket and thy store. Cursed shall be the fruit of thy 
body, and the fruit of thy land, the increase of thy kine, 
and the flocks of thy sheep. Cursed shalt thou be when 



92 ISRAEL AND JERUSALEM. 

thou comest in, and cursed shalt thou be when thou goest 

out and the heaven that is over thy head shall be 

brass, and the earth that is under thee shall be iron .... 
and thou shalt become an astonishment, a proverb, and 
a byword among all the nations whither the Lord shall 
lead thee." 

'' I call heaven and earth to record against thee this 
day, that I have set before you life and death, blessing 
and cursing ; therefore choose life, that thou mayest dwell 
in the land which the Lord sware unto thy fathers, to 
Abraham^ to Isaac^ and to Jacob ^ to give them.'' — Deut. 
xxviii, XXX. 

But observe how ever-mindful was God of his cove- 
nant with their fathers. Standing, as it were, upon the 
sure foundation of its everlasting promises, and appealing 
unto them therefrom, his mercy thus invites them. 

''And it shall come to pass when all these things are 
come upon thee, the blessing and the curse which I have 
set before thee, and thou shalt call them to mind, among 
all the nations among whom the Lord thy God hath 
driven thee, and shalt return unto the Lord thy God, and 
shalt obey his voice according to all that I command thee 
this day, thou and thy children, with all thy heart, and 
with all thy soul ; that then the Lord thy God will turn 
thy captivity, and have compassion upon thee, and will 
return and gather thee from all the nations^ whither the 
Lord thy God hath scattered thee. If any of thine be 
driven into the outmost parts of heaven, from thence will 
the Lord thy God gather thee, and from thence will he 
fetch thee : and the Lord thy God will hri^ig thee into 
the^ land which thy fathers possessed^ and thou shalt 



ISRAEL AND JERUSALEM. 93 

possess it ; and he will do thee good and multiply thee above 
thy fathers," — Deut. xxx. 

" If they shall confess their iniquity, and the iniquity 
of their fathers, with their trespasses which they tres- 
passed against me, and also that they have walked con- 
trary unto me ; and that I also have walked contrary 
unto them, and have brought them into the land of their 
enemies ; if then their uncircumcised hearts be humbled, 
and they then accept of the punishment of their iniquity : 
Then will I remember my covenant with Jacob^ and also 
my covenant with Isaac^ and also my covenant with Abra- 
ham will I remember^ and I will remember the land," — 
Levit. xxvi. 40 — 42. 

"When all these things are come upon thee, even in 
the LATTER DAYS, if thou tum to the Lord thy God, and 
shalt be obedient to his voice (for the Lord thy God is a 
merciful God) he will not forsake thee, neither destroy 
thee, nor forget the covenant with thy fathers luhich he 
sware unto them." — Deut. iv. 30, 31. 

But alas ! alas for them, and alas for us, children of the 
Gentiles, whose millennium must await their millennium, 
whose millennium can not commence so long as we tread 
them down, and our times are not fulfilled, and Anti- 
christ hath not reigned and passed away, and the tribula- 
tion inflicted upon the Jews, as a re-gathered nation, by 
his persecutions, hath not ceased (for when the millennium 
comes at last, it will come to all^ both Jew and Gentile, 
and will know no discrimination between any of the in- 
habitants of the earth, of whatever nation or kindred or 
tongue, Jew or Gentile, bond or free, in the spiritual 
blessings it will bestow, for the millennium is but another 
name for the consummation, the fruition, of the spiritual 



94 ISRAEL AND JERUSALEM. 

blessings of the Abrahamic covenant), — alas! we say, 
alas for them, and alas for us ! they, the children of 
Israel, the chosen seed of Abraham and Isaac and Jacob, 
even at the foot of Sinai, despised the offered blessing, 
and chose the offered curse. It was little less than a 
second apostasy, involving, as it were, in a second fall, 
and a deeper ruin, not themselves only, but all the 
nations of the earth. The weary round of those chosen 
curses has been rolling over their smitten land and 
guilty heads ever since, — is rolling now. No seats in 
parliaments, or cabinets, or chairs of learning, no vaults 
of silver and gold, stretching, Eothschild-like, their Bri- 
arean arms across land and sea, over almost the entire 
circle of Gentile rule, and laying their weight no where 
so heavily or so securely, with, as it were, so irresistible 
a destiny, as upon the " Promised Land," no political 
encompassment of thrones, no lapse of time, no witch- 
ery of music or of song, can soothe the anguish, or lull 
to rest the unsleeping terrors of that chosen doom. 

Notice the tenderness of David in their behalf: " Seek 
ye the Lord and his strength ; seek his face contin- 
ually. Remember his marvellous works that he hath 
done, his Avonders, and the judgments of his mouth ; O ye 
seed of Jacob his servant, ye children of Jacob, his 
chosen ones. He is the Lord our God ; his judgments are 
in all the earth. Be ye mindful always of his covenant^ 
the word which he commanded to a thousand generations ; 
even the covenant which he made with Abraham, and his 
oath unto Isaac ; and hath enjoined the same to Jacob for 
a law, and to Israel for an everlasting covenant ; saying, 
UntQ thee will / give the land of Canaan^ the lot of your 



ISRAEL AND JERUSALEM. 95 

inheritance; when ye were but few, even a few, and stran- 
gers in it." — 1 Chron. xvi. 11 — 19. Ps. cv. 4 — 12. 

But rebellious Israel remembered not his "marvellous 
works, and the judgments of his mouth" ; they were not 
"mindful always" of the covenant which he swore unto 
their fathers. They heeded the persuasions of mercy, as 
little as the warnings of wrath. And yet God forgot, 
never for a moment, his ancient covenant. His heart was 
always turned towards them. His hand was always 
stretched out still. Indeed, as if to affix a final, a more 
solemn, seal to the Abrahamic covenant, as if to reaffirm 
its perpetuity, and to renew the oaths that bound it, as if, 
indeed, that " everlasting covenant" would not otherwise 
stand for ever sure, as if to anticipate their repentance 
and forgiveness, and its measureless wealth of unmingled 
blessing, he superadded to it a supplementary covenant, 
the covenant with his servant David, filled, not less, with 
unmingled and overflowing blessing, without the shadow 
of a curse. 

" I have made a covenant with my chosen, I have 
sworn unto David my servant. Thy seed will I establish 
for ever and build up thy throne to all generations." — 
Ps. Ixxxix. 1 — 4. 

" Then thou spakest in vision to thy holy One, and 
saidst, I have laid help on one that is mighty ; I have ex- 
alted one chosen out of the people. I have found David 
my servant ; with my holy oil have I anointed him ; — 
with whom my hand shall be established. My faithful- 
ness and my mercy shall be with him ; and in my name 
shall his horn be exalted. Also, I will make him, my 
first-born, higher than the kings of the earth. My mercy 
will I keep for him for evermore, and my covenant shall 



96 ISRAEL AND JERUSALEM. 

stand fast with him. His seed also will I make to endure 
for ever, and his throne as the days of heaven. I ivill not 
suffer my faithfulness to fail. My covenant will I not 
hreah^ nor alter- the thing that is gone out of my lips. Once 
more I sware by my holiness that I w^ill not lie unto 
David. His seed shall endure for ever, and his throne as 
the sun before me."— Ps. Ixxxix. 19, 20, 24—26. 

Listen to the millennial invitation of Israel to " all the 
nations of the earth," v^hen this covenant with David 
shall have been fulfilled ; when Zion shall have awaked 
and put on her strength and Jerusalem her beautiful gar- 
ments, "Ho, every one that thirsteth, come ye to the 
waters, and he that hath no money ; come ye, buy and eat ; 
yea, come, buy wine and milk without money and with- 
out price ; incline your ear and come unto me ; hear and 
your soul shall live ; and I will make an everlasting cove- 
nant with you, even the sure mercies of David," — Isaiah 
iv. 1—3. 

This invitation is, doubtless (in a spiritual sense) both 
pre-millennial and millennial. It is, without question, 
spiritually applicable, at all times, both before and after 
the second coming of Christ, to all, Jew and Gentile alike, 
to become partakers of the spiritual blessings of the 
Abrahamic covenant, to be followers of Christ, and to be 
numbered with the elect. But in its primary and more 
specially intended sense, it would seem more strictly ap- 
plicable to Israel in the period of her millennial glory, 
when in the full enjoyment of the material, not less than 
spiritual, blessings of that covenant. 

But in the days of the covenants and invitations and 
w^arnings which we have considered, nothing availed 
against the rebellious obstinacy of Israel. The appeals 



ISRAEL AND JERUSALEM. 97 

of the greatest of their lawgivers to the thunders of 
Sinai : of the most eloquent and glowing of their prophets 
to the millennial glories of Zion, upon the second coming 
of their Lord ; the appeals of the mightiest of their kings 
(though in strains attuned to a lyre that was mightier even 
than his throne), when he called to their remembrance the 
promised blessings of the covenant with Abraham, the 
'' word which God commanded to a thousand genera- 
tions," invested with an added glory by the covenant made 
by God with himself, were all alike in vain. Never was 
there, never has there been, even until now, a time, when 
it was not true of the rebellious House of Israel, that 
which was spoken by Isaiah : " Hear, O heavens, give 
ear, O earth ; for the Lord hath spoken. I have nour- 
ished and brought up children, and they have rebelled 
against me. The ox knoweth his owner, and the ass his 
master's crib : but Israel doth not know, my people doth 
not consider. A sinful nation, a people laden with 
iniquity, a seed of evildoers, children that are corrupters : 
they have forsaken the Lord, they have provoked the 
Holy One of Israel unto anger, they are gone away back- 
ward." — Isaiah i. 2 — 4. 

And yet listen to the yearnings, not less than to the lam- 
entations, of God over them. '' When Israel was a child, 
then I loved him, and called my son out of Egypt. . . . 
I drew them with cords of a man, with bands of love, 
and I was to them as they that take off the yoke on their 

jaws, and I laid meat unto them But my people 

are bent to backsliding from me : though they called them 
to the Most High, none at all would exalt him. How 
shall I give thee up, Ephraim? how shall I deliver thee, 
Israel? how shall I make thee as Admah? how shall I set 
13 



98 ISRAEL AND JERUSALEM. 

thee as Zeboim? mine heart is turned within me, my re- 
pentings are kindled together." — Hosea xi. 

Even when their Messiah came, to plead with them ; to 
weep over them ; to gather them together as a hen gather- 
eth her chickens under her wings, that their house might 
no more be left unto them desolate ; to enter into a new 
and everlasting covenant of grace with them ; they derided 
and reviled him ; they smote him ; they spat upon him ; 
they crucified him, with as little compunction as their Ro- 
man rulers would have crucified a Roman slave. But a 
hidden thunderbolt, red with uncommon wrath, was about 
to descend upon them from the stores of heaven. " His 
blood be on us and on our children." And, true to the 
self-imprecation, his blood has fallen, and this added curse 
has rested, and will rest, upon them, until, at last, de- 
livered from their captivity, and regathered as a nation in 
unbelief, they will be smitten by Antichrist as never smitten 
before, and be overwhelmed by that flood of tribulation, 
such as never was since there was a nation, no, nor ever 
shall be. 

But darkness abideth only for the night, and though its 
latest be its deepest darkness, yet ''joy cometh in the 
morning." 

When, gathered, at last, in and around their ancient 
and beloved capital to defend it against the assaults of 
Antichrist and his innumerable hosts — summoned to the 
" battle of the great day of God Almighty," from the 
ten allied realms of the prophetic earth — they behold 
their rejected and crucified, but now kingly Messiah, 
appearing, in proper person, in the clouds of heaven, 
with power and great glory, '' with the armies of heaven 
following"; when they behold him "standing upon the 



ISRAEL AND JERUSALEM. 99 

Mount of Olives," and look upon " him" (" the same 
Jesus'^) '' whom they pierced," when they behold him, 
though presented to their view, as of old, in bodily form, 
yet arrayed in the celestial splendor of resurrection 
glory, surrounded by the sainted dead of all the ages, 
and by the sainted living, arrayed, in like manner with 
him, in their resurrection glory : surrounded, too, by all 
the holy angels ; when the rending earth, and the dark- 
ened sun, and the moonless and starless sky, and the 
shaking heavens, conspire to attest the immediate appear- 
ing of the King of kings ; when they behold the mani- 
festations of divine mercy displayed in their behalf, and 
of divine wrath displayed against their foes, when they 
witness their supernatural destruction ; then, then, at last, 
hut not till then, will they confess their guilt, and ac- 
knowledge their king : then " there shall be a fountain 
opened to the house of David, and upon the inhabitants 
of Jerusalem, for sin and uncleanness," and "the 
spirit of grace and of supplication be poured upon 
the house of David, and upon the inhabitants of Je- 
rusalem," and '' the land shall mourn every family 
apart," '' as one mourneth for an only son," and blessed 
shall they be when they mourn ; for they shall be com- 
forted. God will accept their repentance, and " will cast 
all their sins into the depths of the sea." Then will be 
repealed the dread covenant of Sinai, and a millennium 
of blessing and an eternity of glory succeed to a few 
brief and forgotten generations of guilt, and tribulation, 
and shame. Then will be fulfilled that blessed trinity of 
covenants, the covenant of Abraham, the covenant of 
David, and the new and everlasting covenant of grace. 
The covenant of David will exalt to his now lapsed 



100 ISRAEL AND JERUSALEM. 

throne a " righteous branch," which shall " execute judg- 
ment and righteousness," and reign for a thousand years ; 
until He shall give up the kingdom unto his Father, that 
God may be all in all. " And when all things shall be 
subdued unto him, then shall the Son also himself be sub- 
ject unto him that put all things under him, that God may 
be all in all."— 1 Cor. xv. 28. 

The new and everlasting covenant of grace will descend 
to bless, not, as now, scattered individuals only, here a 
Jew and a Gentile there, but, as was confirmed unto Isaac, 
" all the nations of the earth." 

But first of all, and last of all, and comprehending all, 
will be establi;shed, in fulness of millennial glory, over 
all the land, and over all thet inhabitants of the land, 
the covenant with Abraham, and Isaac, and Jacob. 

Says Jeremiah, looking forward to the fulfilment of 
this covenant ; 

" Behold, I will bring it [Jerusalem] health and cure, 
and I will cure them, and will reveal unto them the 
abundance of peace and truth. And I will cause the 
captivity of Israel and the captivity of Judah to return^ 
and will build them up as at the first [which certainly has 
never been as yet]. And it [Jerusalem] shall be to me 
a name of joy, a praise and an honor before all the na- 
tions of the earth, which shall hear all the good that I do 
unto them ; and they shall fear and tremble for all the 
goodness and all the prosperity that I procure unto it." 
— Jer. xxxiii. 6 — 10. 

These visions of Jeremiah of the glory and blessedness 
of Israel and Jerusalem, consequent upon the joint return 
oixill the tribes ; upon their corporate unity as a restored 
nation, and upon the termination of the persecutions of 



ISRAEL AND JERUSALEM. 101 

Antichrist, when God's consuming vengeance and their 
great tribulation shall reach their full ; when that which 
is determined shall be poured upon the desolator, and the 
consumption shall overflow with righteousness : were ut- 
tered by Jeremiah more than a century after the ten tribes 
of Israel were carried into that captivity from which they 
have never to this day returned, and in which no sure 
trace of them has ever been discovered. Their fulfilment 
belongs, therefore, beyond all question, to the future. 

The verses next preceding those last quoted from Jere- 
miah, emphasize, more especially, the material blessings 
which will ensue upon the fulfilment of the Abrahamic 
covenant. 

" Thus saith the Lord, Again there shall be heard in 
this place, which ye say shall be desolate without man, 
and without inhabitants, and without beast, the voice of 
joy, and the voice of gladness, the voice of the bride- 
groom, and the voice of the bride, the voice of them that 
shall say. Praise the Lord of hosts ; for the Lord is 
good ; for his mercy endureth for ever ; and of them that 
shall bring the sacrifice of praise unto the house of the 
Lord : for I will cause to return the captivity of the land as 
at the first. 

''Thus saith the Lord of hosts. Again in this place, 
which is desolate without man and without beast, and in 
all the cities thereof, shall be an habitation of shepherds 
causing their flocks to lie down. In the cities of the 
mountains, in the cities of the vale, and in the cities of 
the south, and in the land of Benjamin, and in the places 
about Jerusalem, and in the cities of Judah, shall the 
flocks pass again under the hands of him that telleth 
them, saith the Lord." — Jer. xxxiii. 10 — 14. Surely 



I 



102 ISRAEL AND JERUSALEM. 

this revelation would seem to contemplate something more 
than spiritual blessings only. 

The prophet proceeds, in the succeeding verses of the 
same chapter, to announce the fulfilment of the Davidic 
covenant ; the period of its fulfilment and the contempo- 
raneousness of that period with that of the fulfilment of 
the covenant with Abraham. 

" In those days, and at that time, will I cause the 
branch of righteousness to grow up unto David ; and he 
shall execute judgment and righteousness in the land. In 
those days shall Judah he saved^ and Jerusalem shall dwell 
safely, and this is the name wherewith she shall be called, 

The Lord our righteousness If my covenant be 

not with day and night, and if I have not appointed the 
ordinances of heaven and earth ; then will I cast away 
the seed of Jacob, and David my servant, so that I will 
not take any of his seed to be rulers over the seed of Abra- 
ham, Isaac, and Jacob : for I will cause their captivity to 
return^ and have mercy on them." — Jeremiah xxxiii. 15, 
16, 25, 26. 

Observe the descending, at the same time, of the new 
and everlasting covenant of grace, and its overflowing 
fulness of blessing. ''Behold, the days come, saith the 
Lord, that I will make a new covenant with the house of 
Israel^ and with the house of Judah ; not according to the 
covenant that I made with their fathers in the day that 
I took them by the hand to bring them out of the land of 
Egypt ; which my covenant they brake, although I was 
an husband unto them, saith the Lord : But this shall be 
the covenant that I will make with the house of Israel ; 
AftIcr those days, saith the Lord, I will put my law in 
their inward parts, and write it in their hearts, and will 



ISRAEL AND JERUSALEM. 103 

be their God and they shall be my people. And they 
shall teach no more every man his neighbor, and every 
man his brother, saying, know the Lord ! for they shall 
all know me from the least of them unto the greatest of 
them, saith the Lord : for I will forgive their iniquity, 
and I will remember their sin no more." — Jeremiah xxxi. 
31—35. 

Who will venture to say that their iniquity, or the tres- 
passes wherewith they have trespassed against the Al- 
mighty, have ever yet been forgiven, or that their sins are 
not remembered still? Then can this prophecy find its 
appointed fulfilment in the future only. 

But the crowning blessing, and crowning glory of that 
blissful era, will be the city of Jerusalem, "the city of 
the Great King," the "mountain of the Lord's house," 
the metropolis of the millennial earth. 

"The place of my throne and the place of the soles of 
my feet, where I will dwell in the midst of the children of 
Israel for ever." — Ezekiel xliii. 7. 

" O thou afflicted, tossed with tempest, and not com- 
forted, behold, I will lay thy stones with fair colors, and 
lay thy foundations with sapphires. And I will make 
thy windows of agates, and thy gates of carbuncles, and 
all thy borders of pleasant stones. And all thy children 
shall be taught of the Lord, and great shall be the peace 
of thy children." — Lsaiah liv. 11 — 13. 

" And thy seed shall be known among the Gentiles, 
and their offspring among the peoples ; all that see them 
shall acknowledge them, that they are the seed which the 
Lord hath blessed J^ — Isaiah Ixi. 9. 

" And all nations shall call you blessed ! for ye shall 
be a delightsome land, saith the Lord of hosts." — Mala- 
chi iii. 12. 



104 ISRAEL AND JERUSALEM. 

The king of France complacently announced to the 
French Chambers, on the fourth day of December, 1841, 
that he had concluded a connection with the king of Prus- 
sia and the queen of England, for the consolidation of the 
repose of the Ottoman Empire. The repose of, at 
least, one portion of that empire will be consolidated by 
no human connections, but consolidated it will be, and 
when consolidated, as truly as God liveth, its repose will 
be sweet and everlasting, for the blessed trinity of cove- 
nants is established on sure foundations, on Heaven's firm 
decrees. 



1L. 



APPENDIX. 



We extract as follows, from the work of Colonel Ches- 
ney, which is entitled, " The Expedition for the survey 
of the Rivers Euphrates and Tigris, carried on by order 
of the British Government in the years 1835, 1836, and 
1837, by Lieut. Colonel Chesney, R. A., F. R. S., etc., 
Commander of the Expedition." (Longman's, 1850.) 

"The river now about to be described (^. e. the Euphrates) rises 
at no great distance from the shores of the Euxine, and in its 
course to the Indian Ocean, almost skirts those of the Mediterra- 
nean The Euphrates at one time formed the principal 

link connecting Europe commercially with the East. Its historical 
celebrity has excited in its favor an interest superior to that 
which has been felt for any other river ; and it may reasonably 
be expected, that when its advantages shall be fully known, and 
duly appreciated, it will rise to a high degree of political and com- 
mercial importance." 

** In a range of more than 1780 miles from its eastern source, 
this river may be said to unite three great and important seas ; 
which, without it, would be destitute of any water communication 
with each other, whilst the varied productions of the intervening 
territory would, in a great measure, be lost to the rest of the 
world." Vol. I., p. 40. 

*'5eV is one of the most frequented of all the passages into Meso- 
potamia, and about sixteen large passage boats are kept, .... for 
the use of the 'caravans, which occasionally number 5000 camels." 
P. 46. 

** This great river then proceeds through the Date-groves .... 

across a bare country onwards to Hillah This Town is 

built on a part of Babylon^ and chiefly with materials obtained from 
14 



106 APPENDIX. 

its ruins : it contained, in 1831, the time of my first visit, about 
10,000 inhabitants, whose dwellings are principally on the right 
bank ; the line of houses forming an obtuse angle, almost midway 
between the Mujellebe and the still more celebrated Birs Nim- 
roud/' P. 57. 

Extracts of Letters to Colonel Chesney, from Officers sent by him to 
explore the capabilities of the Euphrates for Steam Navigation and 
Traffic. 

*' Sir, 

<' The noble and interesting river Euphrates is far too cele- 
brated to require from me more than a fair view of the prospect it 
offers for establishing an economical and more rapid communica- 
tion between Great Britain and her Indian possessions, than has 
hitherto been attained. The brilliant prospects of a new channel 
being opened to our enterprising mercantile world through a 
steam establishment on the Euphrates, ought to awaken our best 
energies.'* 

(Signed) ** R. E. Cleveland, R.N." 

''Dated 17th July, 1836." 

Extract of Letter from E. P. Charlwood, Esq., R. N., to Colonel 

Chesney. (P. 691.) 

♦< The Arabs always evinced great eagerness to barter their pro- 
visions, and in fact everything they possessed, for our Glasgow 
merchandise, .... so that I am convinced considerable com- 
merce would be carried on with great success on the river. 
Taking all these things into consideration, I should say it would 
be highly advisable to navigate this river, as being the speediest 
and most secure route between Great Britain and her Indian pos- 
sessions.'* 

Extract of Letter from James Fitzjames, Esq., R. N., to Colonel 

Chesney. (P. 694.) 

" The advantages that would ensue from the establishment of a 
regular steam communication on the Euphrates, would, I am con- 
vinced, amply repay any outlay and trouble which might attend 
the commencement. The avidity with which the inhabitants of 
the different towns on the river bought our Manchester woollen 



APPENDIX. 107 

goods, &c., sufficiently proves that a great opening is presented to 
our commerce. Aleppo, Bagdad, Basrah, and (should the Karim 
be navigated) Ispahan, would soon become marts for British pro- 
duce, and the influence of the British name be thus increased and 
extended." 

*' Taking these things into consideration, it appears to me, that 
England would not have cause to regret having made the Euphra- 
tes the high road to her Indian possessions, even should it after- 
wards be found that letters and passengers might be conveyed 
with more speed by the line of the Red Sea." 

** A splendid road might be made over the 100 miles which sep- 
arate the Euphrates from the Mediterranean. I should think a 

railroad impracticable, but I think a canal might be cut 

This would complete the communication by water, of England 
with India, by the shortest possible line." 

Extract from Letter of W. Ainsworth, Esq., Surgeon and Geologist to 

the Expedition. 

<< The river Euphrates is evidently a navigable stream. I am 
acquainted with it ... . from the Taurus, to its embushure in 
the Persian Gulf, a distance of upwards of 1,200 miles ; and in 
that extent, there are only two real difficulties, both of which are 
superable, by undergoing an expense quite disproportioned to the 
importance of rendering efficient at all seasons of the year, and 
throughout so lengthened a course, the navigation of this noble 
river In a commercial point of view, the close communi- 
cation thus established with so great an emporium of trade as 
Bagdad, is of the very first importance ; nor is the connexion that 
would be established between Basrah and Bagdad of a trifling 
character ; but there are also on the river between Kurnah and 
Eelujah, large towns, as Sheikhel-Shuyakh and Hillah, and pow- 
erful tribes, as the Mountefik Arabs, who have long been actuated 
by the spirit of commercial enterprise." 

"There is, indeed, amongst almost all the tribes a cupidity that 
is easily aroused, and which would stir up the people to new exer- 
tion, in order to obtain comforts and luxuries with which they 
would then first become acquainted, and would not be slow in ap- 
preciating. The boasted frugality and indifference of the Arab, 



1 08 APPENDIX. 

are not proof against the inventions of an improved mechanism in 
cutlery or fire-arms ; and nowhere is there displayed a greater 
anxiety for gay dresses and ornaments : this taste has become 
almost a passion with both sexes. We have abundant evidences 
of the love of decorating their children, and of a desire to improve 
their condition.'* 

** The advantages which are presented by the opening of the 
navigation of the river Euphrates, belong to the universal civiliza- 
tion, as well as to increase of national power. The waters of this 
great river flow past the habitations of four millions of human 
beings, amongst whom their own traditions have transmitted, the 
sense of a revolution to be eifected by the introduction of a religion 
of humility, of charity, and of forbearance." 

" The intellectual powers of the descendants from the most no- 
ble stocks of the human race, are not extinct in their present fallen 
representatives, and it would be difficult to say to what extent 
civilization might flourish, when revived in its most antique 
home." 

*' The national importance of this navigation, is of the most 
comprehensive character. All acquainted with the history of the 
communication of nations, which, as Montesquieu has ably pointed 
out, is the history of commerce, must be aware, that those circum- 
stances which led to the annihilation of the commerce of the East, 
would be revolutionised by the opening now proposed to be 
eff'ected ; and that whilst civilization might be confidently ex- 
pected to return to its almost primeval seat, it would do so under 
a very difi*erent aspect, and with vastly improved means, over the 
days of Opis and Ophir, or of Caucasium and Callinicum." *' All 
these advantages are to be obtained by the navigation which you 
have entered upon, and of which you have proved the practicabil- 
ity." P. 697. 

Dr. Layard, writing to an eminent English merchant in 1843, 
says, *' I believe Susiana to be a province highly capable of the 
most varied cultivation ; the soil is rich, labour cheap, the inhab- 
itants well disposed, and the country traversed by several noble 
rivers : . . . . the land is highly favorable for the cultivation of 
cotton, which is now much neglected, but which might be much 
improved. I made many enquiries as to the growth of hemp, . . 



APPENDIX. 109 

. . and I found the country well adapted for its cultivation." P. 
701. 

*' Notwithstanding all the existing disadvantages, boats with 
merchandise are continually tracking up the rivers in Mesopota- 
mia ; but the fleets going up the Tigris against the stream, from 
Basrah to Bagdad, consume from thirty to forty days, while a 
steamer would perform this distance in four days and a half." P. 
705. 

** Good freights are therefore secured for steamers, and a valua- 
ble opening presented for trade, since an Arab population of about 
twelve millions is to be supplied. The actual trade to Bagdad was 
in 1833 — 12,000 bales or packages, brought up the Tigris at a 
freight of 1^. per bale." 

»* The establishment of the navigation, would probably lead to 
that of English mercantile houses at all the chief places of trade 
on the Euphrates and other rivers and branches at the interior 
stations. Pp. 704, 705. 

*' The wheat and barley are particularly fine ; nor is it very 
uncommon to have three successive crops of grain in some places. 
The gardens yield grapes in abundance, also oranges, peaches, 
nectarines, figs, apples, pomegranates, and other fruits. Honey, 
wax, manna, and gall-nuts, are exported from the more mountain- 
ous districts, where, especially eastward of Tarabusim, the finest 
timber is very abundant. The scenery here is at once beautiful 
and strikingly grand from various points of view, as the moun- 
tains are seen rising abruptly from the sea to an elevation of four 
or five thousand feet, their sides being covered with dense forests, 
composed of gigantic chesnut, beech, walnut, alder, poplar, wil- 
low, ash, maple, and box trees, with firs towards their summits, 
and a magnificent underwood of rhododendron, bay, and haze] 

&c The less elevated grounds produce cotton, hemp, 

tobacco, and raw silk in abundance ; besides precious stones, such 
as the turquoise, beryl, chrystal, pearl, and ruby. Besides the 
more valuable metals, gold and silver, Armenia abounds in cop- 
per, lead, iron, saltpetre, sulphur, bitumen, quarries of coal, mar- 
ble, and jasper, with several mineral springs, which have been 
celebrated for many ages." 

'* The Armenians are exceedingly fond of foreign commerce and 



110 APPENDIX. 

home trade, both of which are prosecuted with such success, that 
even the Jews are in many instances driven out of the field of 
competition. The Armenians have been described as brave^ a 
quality however that has long passed from them. They are now 
a commercial and agricultural people ; well clad, abundantly fed, 
and possessing sheep, cattle, and fine horses in abundance.'* Pp. 
95—99. 

" The exports of Mesopotamia are ; wheat, barley, rice, and 
other grains, horses, pearls, coral, honey, dates, cotton, silk, 
tobacco, gall-nuts, wool, bitumen, naptha, saltpetre, salt, coarse 
coloured cottons, fine handkerchiefs, and other manufactures of 
a country enjoying advantages which which will eventually make 
its commerce more important than that of Egypt." P. 109. 

*' The numerous towns along the Euphrates, and the extensive 
population, partly permanent, and partly nomadic, on the banks 
of that river, will ultimately require several stations ; but for the 
present, one should be at Hillah (Babylon), and another at Anah, 
and a third at Beles." 

"Though the subject has only been considered relatively to the 
people in their present state, it should not be forgotten that Meso- 
potamia possesses as many advantages as, or perhaps more than, 
any other country in the world. Although greatly changed by 
the neglect of man, those portions which are still cultivated, as 
the country about Hillah (Babylon), show that the region has all 
the fertility ascribed to it by Herodotus, who considered its pro- 
ductions as equal to one- third of those furnished by all Asia. 
Being equal to, and in many respects even superior to Egypt with 
regard to its position and its capabilities, the time need not be 
distant when the date- groves of the Euphrates may be inter- 
spersed with flourishing towns, surrounded with fields of the 
finest wheat, and the most productive plantations of indigo, cot- 
ton, and sugar-cane." Yol. II., p. 603. 



I 



APPENDIX. Ill 

To these extracts, we add, as follows, from Dr. B. W. 
Newton. 

** The following is an extract from a letter kindly sent to me by a gentle- 
man in India. It was written upwards of twenty years ago, after a 
visit to the ruins of Babylon. He was, I believe, not at all aware at 
that time that any were expecting the restoration and future destruc- 
tion of Babylon. His conviction respecting the non-fulfilment of the 
prophecies of Isaiah and Jeremiah were the result of his own personal 
observation of facts. A few verbal alterations, not affecting the sense, 
have been made, and I have been obliged to leave a blank in one or 
two places where the manuscript is illegible." 

<' A fair view of the prophecies against Babylon, as given in 
Isaiah and Jeremiah, will show that they have not yet been fully 
and finally accomplished. Much has been done in demonstration 
of judgment against her ; but her last and complete ruin is yet to 
come. A stone was bound to a book, and cast into the Euphrates, 
and it was said, * Thus shall Babylon sink, and shall not rise 
from the evil that I shall bring upon her.* (Jer. li. 63, 64.) This 
speaks clearly of one final and irrecoverable ruin ; but Babylon 
rose again repeatedly from the ruin that at first assailed her. Keith's 
book on prophecy shows that she was several hundred years being 
brought to desolation, and that her end was not sudden, but most 
gradual. Cyrus took her more than 500 years before Christ: 
Alexander took and attempted to rebuild her 200 years after 
Cyrus. In that interval her walls were reduced, and she was 
much shorn of her power and wealth. She was finally brought 
to desolation by the building of Seleucia and Ctesiphon in her 
neighborhood by the successes of Alexander, who thereby suc- 
ceeded in drawing away the inhabitants from Babylon. She did 
not fall once and for all — suddenly— never to rise, like a stone cast 
into the waters. 

" It is said that they shall not take of thee < a stone for a corner 
nor a stone for a foundation.* (Jer. li.) But the ruin of the build- 
ings at Babylon has been mainly accelerated by the removal of 
the materials with which she was built, for the construction of 
other towns in the neighborhood. 

*' It is said that this land of Babylon shall be a desolation, with- 
out an inhabitant (Jer. li.) ; but there is now the modern Arab 
town of Hillah and two villages besides, together with several 
gardens and date plantations within the limits of the ruins. 



/ 



112 APPENDIX. 

"It is said that she shall *be aland where no man dwelleth, 
neither doth any son of man pass thereby.' Now, besides myriads 
of Asiatics, many Europeans have passed thereby, and thoroughly 
examined the place. 

'< It is said that ' the Arabian shall not pitch his tent there.* 
(Isaiah xiii. 20.) In 1835, when I was there, I saw marks of an 
Arab encampment which must have halted there for several 
weeks. When the Arabs make a long stay in any place, they 
erect mud pillars breast high, and hollowed ^out at the top for 
their horses to feed from, as from a manger. The remains of these 
pillars I saw ; they could not have formed part of the old ruins, 
for a heavy shower of rain would have washed them down. My 
attendant explained to me what they were. 

"I believe then, that Babylon will be rebuilt, and rise to the 
splendor described in the Book of Revelation, and that she will 
then suddenly and finally be brought to ruin. There are facilities 
in that country for bringing about such prosperity in a wonder- 
fully short time. The soil is all ... . mould and clay, without 
a single stone, and productive if watered. Formerly there were 
canals in all directions, fed by the Tigris and Euphrates. It is 
only necessary to repair the banks of these to make Babylonia 
the most fertile land in the globe. Wealth is so easily attained, 
that in a few years the Pasha of Bagdad, fifty miles from Babylon, 
by withholding tribute from the Sultan, was enabled to have a 
court rivalling that of Erzeroum." 




He^^^^l Vol 3^i- r^^ Ss^ 




CONTENTS 



Preface. 



The Prophetic Earth of Daniel and the Revelation. 
Scripture symbols of the rise, decline, and fall, of the 
four great Gentile Powers 9 

The Literal Babylon of Prophecy. Its final destruction 

co-incident with the future restoration of Israel, . . 22 

The Symbolic Babylon of Prophecy. Its composite 
character, including, not Romanism only, but all forms 
of false religion and infidelity. . . . . .38 

The Antichrist of Prophecy. The restoration of the Jews 
in unbelief, and their subsequent persecution by Anti- 
christ 58 

Israel and Jerusalem of Prophecy. God's covenants 

concerning them, and their final exaltation. . . .80 



Appendix. Extracts frow Colonel Chesney's Report, etc. 



105 



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